开放远程教育成本效益研究的现状及思考(1)(2)
2017-08-14 04:08
导读:学生的个人因素在网上学习中也扮演了重要的角色。例如,学生自身已具备的有关信息科技和科目的知识也会影响到网上课程的学习(Limbach,WegesandValcke,19
学生的个人因素在网上学习中也扮演了重要的角色。例如,学生自身已具备的有关信息科技和科目的知识也会影响到网上课程的学习(Limbach,Weges and Valcke,1997;Wishart and Blease,1999;Hilland Hannafin,1997)。林巴赫、韦格斯与瓦尔克(Limbach,Weges andValcke,1997)指出,在设计远程学习环境时,最好加以考虑与学生有关的各个变项,这样学生就可以选择合适的学习方式和传递方式,远程教育的有效性因而能够提高。
缩小数字鸿沟
与日俱增的科技为远程教育的发展提供了越来越多的机会。网上课程为由于费用、时间或地理限制而未能接受教育的人士提供了学习良机,特别是在职的成人。另外,以前未有提供开放远程教育的普通院校,现时都应用了各种的网上技术,提高其课程的灵活性和开放性。虽然大部分人都同意高新科技确实提高了教育和培训的灵活性和开放性,但是许多学习者仍未有机会使用必要的技术。有人担心,数字的鸿沟(即“能够使用科技的人”和“未能够使用科技的人”之间的差距)已经越来越大,而这种情况将会继续下去。所以,网上教育成本效益的研究必须探讨消除或减小数字鸿沟的问题。
消除方法学上的限制
一般来说,相关的文献显示:“与面授教育相比,远程教育可能较具成本效益,其成本主要视乎学生入读人数,以及课程开发与传递的固定成本”(Cukier,1997,138页)。然而,新近的一些研究尝试评估网上教育的成本效益,但“课程开发成本和学生负担的成本”往往都未包括在内;另外,“这些研究运用的方法论都不同,所以在进行比较时非常困难”(Bakia,2000)。由于网上教育成本效益的研究相当有限,在方法学上也有不少限制,所以这些只可看成是初步研究,而非无可置疑的定论(Jung and Rha,2000)。
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未来的研究课题
教育工作者和研究人员必须继续探讨一些更好的方法,提高开放远程教育的质量和成本效益。在这个方面,未来的研究应该强调以下的一些主题:
● 网上课程形式的标准化能否在不影响教育质量和/或不会减少网上互动的前提下减少成本?
● 网上资源的共享可以在多大程度上改善虚拟教育的成本效益?不同的网上课程设计策略可以怎样影响成本效益?
● 要在维持高互动水平的情况下改善成本效益,可以采用的方法有哪几种?
● 在不同的环境中怎样才能达到规模经济?
● 要达到最高水平的成本效益,开放远程或网上课程的更新或修订需要相隔多久进行?
评论
成本效益研究是开放远程教育中的一个重要领域,它不仅是评价教育成效的指标之一,而且有助于我们考虑如何在保证教育质量的前提下,减少成本,提高效益。然而,在我国开放远程教育领域中这类研究甚少,我们希望本文的发表,能促进我国的远程教育工作者加强这方面的研究。
郑仁星博士详尽地介绍和分析了国际上开放远程教育成本效益的研究现状,研究结果可以概括为以下几个方面。第一,影响成本效益的因素。这些因素包括课程的数量、课程修订的经常性、媒体类型、学生学习支持服务的类型和多少以及辍学率等。远程课程的开发是远程教育的主要开支之一,学生的数量越多,才越符合成本效益,即规模经济效益。第二,开放远程教育的有效性。研究表明,远程教育和面授教育具有同等的有效性。无论采用哪种技术,都不会影响教学的有效性和学生的学习效果,同时,没有一种技术在远程教育中拥有绝对的优势。但远程教育必须有良好的教学设计和多样化的教学策略,即高质量的课程和良好的资源与支持。第三,开放远程教育的成本效益。精心规划的开放远程教育比较面授教育具有更好的成本效益,这在岗位培训和网上教学环境中尤其得到证明。这是因为在远程教育的环境中,我们不需要全职的上课教师,学生不需要脱产学习,甚至可以节省学生到学习场所的交通费用。第四,网上教学成本效益。在这方面我们应该考虑的因素更多,包括学生人数、课程数量、多媒体运用、教师指导的互动、教育平台、同步和非同步网上互动、学生完成课程的比率等。第五,关于网上教学成本效益需要进一步的严格的实证研究。
(科教范文网http://fw.ΝsΕΑc.com编辑) 郑博士的论文对探讨我国开放远程教育的成本效益很具启发意义。开放远程教育比传统的面授教育具有更好的成本效益,这在亚洲地区的情况也得以证明,例如,在英迪拉·甘地国立开放大学,远程教育培养学生的成本大约是传统大学的35%,如三年制本科课程的单位成本是6,000印度卢布,而传统大学需16,428印度卢布。在香港公开大学,每位毕业生的培养成本仅占普通高校的1/4。为什么远程教育具有良好的成本效益呢:首先,由于印刷教材和多媒体教材可大量复制,远程学生比面授学生的人数要多得多,从而可以降低生均成本,提高经济效益;继而,远程教育不需要庞大的全职教师队伍,而主要依靠从传统大学和各行业精英中聘请的兼职导修教师,这样既有精简之利,又博各家之长。最后,远程院校不需要维持广袤辽阔的校园。必须指出,在探讨开放远程教育的成本效益中,我们必须考虑教育的有效性问题,即教育的成效问题,这是因为学生的学习成功直接影响着远程教育的成本效益。远程学习的成功取决于三方面的因素:教材(如适合自主学习的远程教材的设计和开发)、社会因素(如师生互动、学生之间的互动等)、个人因素(如自律学习、学习动机等)。远程教材的开发是许多开放大学最大的投资,而在社会和个人因素方面,远程教育需要一定的开支,提供良好的学生支持服务,从而提高远程学习的成功率。学生学习的成功率越高,生均成本就越低,成本效益就越好,教育成效也是评价一所院校的重要指标之一。最后,要强调的是,要提高开放远程教育的成本效益,高质量的教材和资源的共享尤为重要,资源共享也是远程教育比较其它教育形式的主要优势之一。另外,良好的教育的合作和联合也有助于大大降低成本。从这种意义上来讲,开放远程教育应该是建立在最大限度发挥各院校的优势的基础上,教育机构之间进行合作和联合的一种教育事业。
(转载自http://www.NSEAC.com中国科教评价网)
(张伟远)
【校 对 者】张伟远
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