提高学生的口语能力(一)(2)
2014-07-15 02:20
导读：2.4 The importance of speaking reflected in the textbook Today, the newly compiled series of textbooks of teaching and learning, different from those old ones, which only emphasize on the grammar and
2.4 The importance of speaking reflected in the textbook Today, the newly compiled series of textbooks of teaching and learning, different from those old ones, which only emphasize on the grammar and translation, have been used widely in our country. Those outmoded teaching approaches will have to be abandoned to use the new concept of teaching English. As a result English teachers will have to improve themselves either subjectively or objectively so as to become a qualified teacher of English in middle schools. And in the new textbooks, which mostly emphasize on listening and speaking, according to different the stage of ages, it includes listening practice, speaking and chant, playing and acting, Audio-Vidal etc, and with the appropriate pictures to help them understand and encourage them to act it out .Let them learn English unconsciously and learn to use it freely. At the same time, the teachers also are required to organize their class with some simple spoken English, and with their gestures and expression in accordance with the necessary. And the teachers should create a real English situation to help the students understand and imitate better to improve the listening and speaking ability. On the one hand, the students should be also given more opportunities to speak English, and then their ability of speaking must be more concretely and effectively trained. On the other hand, students are required to speak English when asked to answer questions or convey their own opinions in the 45-minute class. After class, they can be required to retell the interesting story reflected in the textbook, or to make an interview with their classmates to express their own opinions to the story .So, surely, their speaking can be improved effectively. 2.5 New tests’ focus on speaking At present, the teaching syllabus stipulates.“Examination and test should include written part, listening test and oral test as well.”④And now you can find listening test in our all kinds of tests. And many areas take the oral test as an important part to estimate the students’ comprehensive level. However, as early as ten years ago, you couldn't find the oral test in the final examination. Even you didn't hear of the word of “oral test”. Now, the writer find, in the final examination the students’ speaking ability is very different from those in ten years ago. Their intonations and tones and even expressions are much better. And it contributes to the daily training. So the voiceless English is increasingly developed. What's more, now you often can find that there are many English-speaking competitions on TV and many areas also hold all kinds of speaking competitions. At the same time, there are more and more super English speakers presenting in the non-English countries. Now, we’ve known the importance of speaking, we should try our best to better the students’ competence of speaking. However, during the process of speaking communication, there are some barriers of which we should be aware.
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3.Some barriers in the process speaking communication. 3.1 Phonetic barrier “The articulator apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas or cavities: the pharyngeal cavity-the throat, the oral cavity-the mouth, and the nasal cavity-the nose. The air stream coming from the lungs may be modified in these cavities in a variety of ways. It may also be modified in the larynx before it reaches any of the cavities.”⑤Because of the point ,the learners should be required to know every part of pronunciation of human’s body and can pronounce the pure English .However, for most students in the process of their learning, they are greatly influenced by their teachers, especially teachers’ phonetics. But at present in many areas, especially in the rural areas, schools are short of specialized English teachers. Some other teachers who are not familiar with the sound linking, plosive, stress, etc. are asked to teach English. Maybe they are competent in teaching English grammar and language points, but it is surely difficult for them to speak fluent and pure English. And also some schools can’t afford modern machines, so the students can't imitate the pure English, So their speaking ability can’t be trained favorably, when they communicate with others, they often find their pronunciations are different from others ’. So they can't understand what is said to them. Therefore, their listening ability will be influenced and the confidence of communication also be influenced. Two year ago, I taught Grade Seven. At the beginning of the lessons, the pronunciations of many students from different rural are quite different. For example, “China [tſ]” they always pronounce [tr]. I spent almost three months in correcting them. With my emphasis on the phonetics, the students have been also especially focusing on it every time when they have their spoken lessons; they always imitate the pure English pronunciation from their foreign teachers. 3.2 Grammar barrier Although we emphasize again and again that the aim of our language teaching is to communicate, we still should have some knowledge of English grammar. In English, there is a change of tense. And the order, which the action happens, can be presented by the change of verbs, which many students often ignore these points when they communicate with others. As a result, some unnecessary mistakes will happen. For example, a student wants to express this meaning “I have been to Beijing.” Not knowing the difference between “have been to ”and “have gone to”, so he says, “I have gone to Beijing.” If he knows their difference, he will not make this mistake.
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3.3 Mental barrier An American psychologist has had an experiment among three thousand people like this: what do you worry about most? There are all kinds of answers, such as death, dump, loss of relatives, diseases, etc. But to our surprised, about forty percent of people think that what people worry about and frighten most is to speak before people. From this experiment, we know that some uncomfortable feeling will happen in mother tongue to communicate. And the uncomfortable feeling will be more serious in the second language. Most students will have some mental barrier or psychological barrier during the speaking training or the speaking communication, and we often find that the students will amplify well in warm-up in class. However, in real occasion, they will only have a look at the other people without any word even if they meet the same situation as that in class. Maybe they also want to speak to other freely. Just because of lack of the confidence, they can’t speak well, and they would rather watch other’s communication. In their opinions, they should speak English purely and fluently and there are no grammatical mistakes even to wonderful stage when people communicate. Then the communication will be continued pridely, or others maybe laugh at them. In English class, this aspect is often appeared. Some students worry about their pronunciation and intonation, so they will only say “I’m sorry” as the answers to the teachers’ questions. All these will influence the improvement of speaking ability. Their speaking ability increasingly becomes worse under the lack of training so long time. Of course, the above mentioned is not the only factors to obstruct the improvement of speaking ability. And there are some other factors to influence the speaking ability. For example, the communicating people, (some good friends will be good communicating people), the communicating topics (some interesting topics will promote their communication well), the communicating surroundings (if it is possible, it will be the best surrounding to be put in the English-speaking countries) etc. Because there are so many factors obstructing the students’ speaking ability, some good ways to improve their speaking ability should be found during the process of English teaching and to help them overcome these obstructs. Then their speaking ability will be trained and improved favorably during the process of English learning.
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4. Essential methods for improving students’ speaking ability. 4.1 Create a good language surrounding to arouse the students’ enthusiasm for English learning. 4.1.1 A“real”environment of English learning is of great help. The traditional grammar-translation teaching method played a definite role in middle school teaching over the past decades, but this method of learning English through Chinese translation in class has not entirely catered for the new situation of learning a foreign language. We should bring the students to a full realization of the fact that learning English always through Chinese translation certainly does not help them improve their skills of using English. But we haven’t a good language surrounding to speak English all the time, which has always big problem for our Chinese English learners. And we know that teaching in class is the basic form of English teaching. Firstly, the English in his class should be on the basis of the students’ understanding easily. Don’t let the students have the room to express in Chinese. And the teachers should help them learn to think in English and encourage them to answer the questions in English. To the beginners of learning English, they often don’t dare to answer the teachers’ questions in English because of some reasons. So the teachers should encourage them with patience and let them give up the shy minds. And the teachers should conduct their lessons in English as much as possible, so as to force the students to get used to listening speaking and thinking in English. Before a new lesson, teachers can create some situations for the students to respond to them and then to paraphrase a few sentences or to retell a story etc. On the other hand, for their answers, the teachers should give them proper estimate and let them have a successful feeling of getting knowledge. Then they will be glad to speak it more and more. Thus the students feel in a real environment of English like those native learners. Actually in such a lively atmosphere, the students have been motivated to convey their ideas in English. Of course, it is quite clear that the students ’ ability of speaking must be well and effectively trained. In my classroom, there are many piece of paper with “English corners” on the wall. Before class, I often let them see some English film in order to feel western conditions and customs and attract their interest for English learning. 4.1.2 The students ' high interest for English learning is needed. As we all know, “the aims for English teaching is to train the students how to use the language, yet this kind of ability will more quickly be developed on condition that the students are greatly engaged in the English language and immersed in an atmosphere of using the language ”6In accordance with the theory, an English teacher is required to observe the communication principles to make the whole class full of communication. To some extent, the students ’attention and interest are aroused and in the meantime, the students’ speaking is effectively practiced. As a learner of English in the classroom, if he shows great interest in English learning, of course, he should listen to the teacher carefully, follow his teacher step by step, fix all his attention on what the teacher is saying and try his best to catch on. Then he is active to take part in activities; he is willing to communicate with others to show off. Little by little, his speaking ability will be definitely improved. On the contrary, the student who has no interest in learning English will be unwilling to listen to the teacher and communicate with others, then, gradually, he will be a “stranger” to English. Just as what Mr. Li Yang says that if you want to speak fluent and pure English, you must speak English loudly and crazily and change the muscle on Chinese face into that on western face .So in order to improve the students’ speaking ability, teachers should stimulate students’ enthusiasm for English learning .Let them speak it as much as they can happily. 4.1.3 Some measures for arousing students’ interesta、Three-minutes speech before class .At the beginning of a class, students are often asked to come to the blackboard to give the others a duty report.b、Give more chances to the students to do pairs work ,making up their own dialoguec、Make full use of audio-visual aids to create situations .d、Carry out some activities, such as: Speaking/reading competition, Chinese forbidden, English corner, etc.e、Play games .E.g. Pass the message, make more sentences as quickly as possible.f、Modify Li Yang’s crazily speaking English . 4.2 Help the students lay a solid base of English phonetics.
