旅游管理毕业论文感知形象研究综述
2015-01-12 01:09
导读:旅游管理论文毕业论文,旅游管理毕业论文感知形象研究综述怎么写,格式要求,写法技巧,科教论文网展示的这篇论文是很好的参考:1.1 形象感知的因素 Goodrich、Pearce、Phelps、Calantone、Echtner和Ritchie以及
1.1 形象感知的因素
Goodrich、Pearce、Phelps、Calantone、Echtner和Ritchie以及Milman和Pizam研究了旅游目的地感知形象的影响因素,认为旅游感知形象与旅游者或潜在旅游者的行为动机、旅游决策、服务质量的感受以及满意程度等因素存在密切关系[11-16]Mayo认为旅游感知形象的影响因素主要体现在景色、气候和等方面的差异[17]。Anderssen和Collberg也作了类似研究,发现目的地的感知形象存在8种属性差异[18]。Goodrich则对旅游者关于旅游目的地感知和判断的相似性做了评估,发现旅游者选择旅游目的地时,在娱乐和文化生活模式方面有相似性影响因素[19]。Po-Ju and Deborah在调查中发现,旅游目的地形象主要取决于旅游者或潜在旅游者的行为和人口等统计变量[20]。态度、行为和社会阶层方面的文化差异,会影响旅游形象的感知[21,22],在旅游目的地吸引下,在旅游客源国的影响下,不同文化背景、不同国家的旅游者会产生不同的旅游满意度;收入较低和水平较低的旅游者、低层社会的旅游者、老年旅游者对旅游形象感知的期望较低,会认为到国外度假是奢侈消费,因而旅游满意度较高。
由于旅游决策归因于目的地形象,国外许多研究者试图解释影响选择目的地感知形象的因素,Crompton的实证研究表明,不是所有的形象因素都会影响旅游决策[23]。旅游形象的感知属性,可以通过感知的目的地之间的类似性,识别旅游目的地形象相对于其他目的地形象的优势与劣势[24-31]。John认为通过RG对旅游感知形象进行评估,避免了其它方法所产生的固有偏见,使旅游感知形象更利于解释旅游者或潜在旅游者各自特有的旅游环境结构,更有可能成为决策的相关因素[32]。Dann、Crompton、Iso-A-hola、Uysal和Jurowski则根据推拉,认为旅游者以及潜在旅游者的旅游动机,从本质上受制于旅游者对旅游目的地的感知形象,理解旅游者所感知的旅游目的地形象能够有助于更好的研究旅游者以及潜在旅游者行为动机以及相关因素[33-36]。
(转载自http://zw.NSEaC.com科教作文网)
1.2 旅游形象感知的类型研究
Gunn把旅游者或潜在旅游者形成的旅游感知形象概括为原生形象和诱导形象,原生形象指潜在旅游者还未到旅游目的地之前所形成旅游感知形象,而诱导形象则在旅游者实地旅游之后形成[37]。Fakeye和Crompton在此基础上,进一步把旅游者和潜在旅游者所形成的旅游感知形象概括为原生形象、诱导形象和混合形象[38]。Gartner在旅游感知形象形成过程的研究中,把旅游感知形象分为明显诱导、隐藏诱导、自主原生等8个类型[39]。Gartner和Hunt在旅游感知形象变化的分析研究中指出,由原生形象和诱导形象构成的混合形象,决定着旅游感知形象在非本地居民和旅游者的变化[40]。Echtner和Ritchie为了构建更为精确的旅游感知形象,衡量旅游者所形成的海外旅游目的地感知形象,分析了许多旅游目的地感知形象的类型特性,对旅游感知形象的评估起了很大作用[41]。
Baloglu和Brinberg则提出了旅游形象情感模型,运用了Russel等提出的情感环绕丛模型,由于旅游目的地的积极与消极形象的差异,旅游感知形象的情感模型可以作为旅游市场战略定位手段[42-46]。Robert认为旅游感知形象是心理预景,只有积极的旅游形象才能影响潜在旅游者,可以运用分类法对旅游目的地积极的感知形象进行分析[47]。只有当积极的形象对旅游者的影响超过了消极形象的影响时,潜在的旅游者才会选择该旅游目的地[48]。由于旅游感知形象具有持续性,形象无论是积极的还是消极的,在一段时间内一般不会改变[49];实际上,旅游感知形象无论是积极的还是消极的,在形成旅游目的地因素改变后,仍可持续相当时间;同时,由于潜在旅游者的体验经历、文化背景、地理缘源、对目的地的熟悉程度、以及对目的地的期望值不同,因而对目的地形象感知也会有所不同或改变。
(转载自http://zw.NSEaC.com科教作文网)
1.3 形象感知的行为模式
Carmen等认为大多数旅游者在旅行时,会选择一个以上的旅游目的地,然而,对多目的地旅行的感知模式结构研究仍相当薄弱[50]。Lue、Crompton和Fesenmaier关于多目的地旅行的感知行为模式研究,以及Lue、Crompton和Stewart对特定地区的多目的地旅行的感知行为模式的实验性研究,证实了许多因素与多目的地旅行的感知行为模式有关[51,52]。Seyhmus和Ken发现不同的旅游目的地形象,在旅游者和潜在旅游者中存在明显差异[53]。尽管大量研究都认为旅游形象的感知研究对旅游地形象起着重要作用,旅游感知形象着旅游行为选择,但衡量旅游目的地的最主要特性仍需探讨,研究旅游感知形象、预测旅游者旅游感知选择行为模式仍需深入[54-58]。Joseph和Chenting在此基础上,运用消费研究中的自我概念,解释了旅游形象感知的行为基础,建立了旅游目的地感知形象自我协调的综合旅游行为模式[59]。
1.4 旅游感知形象的营销管理研究
旅游目的地的必须着眼于对潜在旅游者的有效促销与引导,目的地管理应为旅游目标客源市场提供特殊、长期、有效、有吸引力的旅游感知形象[60,61]。Kotler和Barich认为旅游感知形象应建立在旅游者对旅游产品和旅游服务的利益、价值的预先假设基础之上[62]。Sheth,Newman,Gross建立了旅游感知形象的市场选择消费模型,包括功能、、情感、认知、环境等多维消费营销管理的价值研究[63]。由于女性社会地位和出游率不断提高[64-67],Ercan and Sevil认为旅游市场营销者、广告宣传者和旅游目的地促销者,应注意旅游营销中男性和女性的关系[68]。Butler根据游客需求周期,认为新型旅游目的地感知形象的市场营销可能会过度吸引游客,当供给方需求的推动力增加时,超过了目的地承载力的临界线,旅游者就会不再选择这个旅游目的地[69]。Gartner依据Gartner and Hunt的研究数据,运用了多层面的尺度,以帮助市场营销者确定更为有效的旅游市场细分[70]。
(科教论文网 Lw.nsEAc.com编辑整理)
在国际旅游市场竞争中,旅游目的地营销不但要充分了解旅游者心目中的感知旅游形象,而且还要对竞争对手的旅游目的地形象深入了解,目的地营销人员应充分了解自身与竞争者的长处和短处,以便拓展旅游市场定位战略[71,72]。旅游市场战略定位是旅游者心目中对旅游目的地树立与众不同旅游形象的感知过程[73-75]。拓展旅游战略定位包括目标客源市场中的目的地形象感知识别、旅游目的地感知形象的竞争比较以及旅游目的地感知形象的需求和差异[76-79]。如果该目的地的形象感知特色不突出、营销管理不得力,旅游者的旅行选择几率将大大减少[80]。
2 国内研究现状综述
近年来,我国旅游学者在吸取了国外研究成果的基础上,拓展了旅游形象感知的理论领域,特别对旅游形象设计的概念、内涵和营销等方面做了很多的实证研究,取得了很大进展。林炎提出了旅游形象设计是我国旅游城市面临的新课题[81];陈传康在旅游形象设计的实践中,提倡抓住地方文脉进行形象设计导入,并将形象识别理念引入了旅游目的地形象策划中[82];保继刚认为旅游者感知的旅游形象受到感知距离和目的地的人文事象等因素的影响[83];王家骏认为,如果旅游感知形象和旅游者的期望与偏好之间差异性越大,潜在旅游者选择的可能性越小,而同一性越大,中选机率会增大[84];吴必虎等则对居民的旅游目的地行为进行了研究[85];谢飞帆介绍了旅游形象地研究在西方的掘起[86];张安等则提出了旅游感知形象的策划设计、和旅游感知形象
评价指标体系,认为形象感知策划是多学科、多阶段的
系统工程[87];屈海林、聂献忠、谷明则分别以香港、上海、大连等城市为例,探讨了都市旅游形象营销的思路[88-90];李蕾蓄则系统地介绍了旅游地形象策略的理论与实践[91];王磊等从旅游主客体的角度,探讨了实际发射性、传播发射性、个体化、社会化等旅游目的地形象与旅游形象感知的主客体关系[92];宋章海从旅游者感知出发,探讨了旅游目的地形象的可感知性与不可感知性,提出了正确运用旅游形象要素进行营销策划的观点[93];谢朝武等则探讨了旅游形象感知策划的系统组织程序,提出了旅游形象策划的参与型组织模式[94]。
(科教作文网 zw.nseac.com整理)
3 结论
国外同类,从研究而言,主要集中在形象感知的因素、形象感知类型、形象感知行为模式、形象感知营销的研究等方面;从研究而言,不但有定性研究,而且有定量研究;从技术方法而言,不但有单因子,更有多因子分析,有的还运用了GIS及SPSS等研究手段;从研究区域而言,不但有国内旅游形象的感知研究,而且有跨国多目的地的旅游形象感知研究;从研究结果而言,相当的研究结果依赖于市场抽样调查数据,结果分析具有客观性,主要为旅游营销管理提出市场定位战略。
国内同类研究,从研究内容而言,主要是对区域性旅游目的地形象的策划研究;从研究方法而言,大多是对旅游形象策划的定性研究,对定量研究则处于起始阶段;从研究区域而言,只局限于对国内和区域性旅游形象的策划及设计研究;从研究结果而言,相当的研究成果是从区域性旅游市场开发,具有主观性,主要为地方政府和的战略提出建议及对策。
【】
[1] Goodall,B.How Tourists Choose ir Holidays:An Analytical Framework[A].In Marketing in the Tourism Industry:The Promotion of Destination Regions[C].edited by B.Goodall and G.Ashworth.London:Routledge,1990,pp.1-17.
[2] Gartner,L.Image Formation Process[A].In Communication and Channel Systems in Tourism Marketing[C].edited by Muzaffer Uysal and Daniel R.Fesenmaier.New York:Haworth,1993,pp.191-215.
[3] Fakeys,P.C.,and J.L.Crompton.Image Differences between Prospective,First-Time,and Repeat Visitors to the Lower Rio Grande Valley [J].Journal of Travel Research,1991,30(Fall):10-16.
[4] Boulding,K.The Image.Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press[M].1956.
[5] Gartner,C.M.The Meaning and Measurement of Destination Image.[J].Journal of Tourism Studies,1991,2(2):2-12.
[6] Chon,K.S.The Role of Destination Image in Tourism:A Review and Discussion[J].The Tourist Review,1990,2:2-9.
(科教作文网http://zw.ΝsΕAc.com发布)
[7] Moutinho,L.Vacation Tourist Decision Process[J].The Quarterly Review of Marketing,1984,9(spring):8-17.
[8] Woodside,A.G.,and S.Lysonski.A General Model of Traveler Destination Choice[J].Journal of Travel Research,1989,16(winter):8-14.
[9] Um,S.,and J.L.Crornpton.The Roles of Perceived Inhibitors and Facilitates in Pleasure Travel Destination Decisions[J].Journal of Travel Research,1992,30(3):18-25.
[10] Gensch,D.H.Image-Measurement Segmentation[J].Journal of Marketing Research,1978,15:384-394.
[11] Goodrich,J.N.A New Approach to Image Analysis through Multidimensional Scaling[J].Journal of Travel Research,1977,16(3):3-7.
[12] Pearce,P.L.Perceived Changes in Holiday Destinations[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1982,9:145-164.
[13] Phelps,A.Holiday Destination Image-The Problems of Assessment:An Example Developed in Menorca[J].Tourism Management,1986,7(3):168-180.
[14] Calantone,R.1.,C.A.di Benedetto.A.Hakam,and D.C.Bojanic.Multiple Multinational Tourism Positioning Using Correspondence Analysis[J].Journal of Travel Research,1989,28(2):25-32.
[15] Echtner,C.,and J.R.B.Ritchie.The Measurement of Destination Image:An Empirical Assessment[J].Journal of Travel Research,1993,22(4):3-13.
[16] Milman,A.,and A.Pizam.The Role of Awareness and Familiarity with a Destination:The Central Florida Case [J].Journal of Travel Research,1995,33(3):21-27.
[17] Mayo,E.J.,and L.P.Jarvis. Psychology of Leisure Travel[M].Boston:CBI.1981.
[18] Anderssen,P.,and R.T.Colberg.Multivariate Analysis in Travel Research:A Tool for Travel Package Design and Market Segmentation[M].In the Fourth Annual Conference Proceedings of TTRA.Sun valley,ID:Travel and Tourism Research Association,1973,pp.225-238.
[19] Goodrich,J.N.The Relationship between Preferences for and Perceptions of Vacation Destinations[J].Journal of Travel Research,1978,16(Fall):8-13.
[20] Po-Ju Chen;Deborah L Kerstetter.International students' image of rural Pennsylvania as a travel destination[J].Journal of Travel Researc,1999,29(Feb):256-266.
(科教作文网http://zw.nseAc.com)
[21] Lewis,Barbara R.Service Quality:An International Comparison of Bank Customers' Expectations and Perceptions [J].Journal of Marketing Management,1991,7(1):47-62.
[22] Mayo,Edward J.,and Lance P.Jarvis.The Psychology of Leisure Travel:Effective Marketing and Selling of Travel Services[M].Boston:CBI.1981.
[23] Crompton,J.L.An Assessment of the Image of Mexico as a Vacation Destination and the Influence of Geographical Location upon That Image[J].Journal of Travel Research,1979,17(spring):18-23.
[24] Anderssen,P.,and R.T.Colberg.Multivariate Analysis in Travel Research:A Tool for Travel Package Design and Market Segmentation[M].In the Fourth Annual Conference Proceedings of TTRA.Sun Valley,ID:Travel and Tourism Research Association,1973,pp.225-238.
[25] Goodrich,J.N.The Relationship between Preferences for and perceptions of Vacation Destinations[J].Journal of Travel Research,1978,16(Fall):8-13.
[26] Garther,W.C.Temporal influences on Image Change[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1986,13:635-644.
[27] Fenton,M.,and P.Pearce.Multidimensional Scaling and Tourism Research[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1988,15:236-254.
[28] Gartner,L.Tourism Image:Attribute Measurement of State Tourism Products using Multidimensional Techniques[J].Journal of Travel Research,1989,28(Fall):16-22.
[29] Crompton,J.L,P.C.Fakeye,and Chi-Chuan Lue.Positioning:The Example of the Lower Rio Grande Valley in the Winter Long Stay Destination Market[J].Journal of Travel Research,1992,31(Fall):20-26.
[30] Baloglu,S.,and il.Brinberg.Affective Images of Tourism Destinations[J].Journal of Travel Research,1997,35(4):11-15.
[31] Van Raaij,W.Fred,and Dick A.Francken.Vacation Decisions,Activities,and Satisfactions[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1984,11:101-112.
[32] John.T..Coshall.Measurement of tourists' images:The repertory grid approach[J].Journal of Travel Research,2000,38(Aug):85-89.
[33] Dann,G..Anomie Ego-Enhancement and Tourism[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1977,17:155-169.
内容来自www.nseac.com [34] Crompton,J..Motivation for Pleasure Vacation[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1979,6:408-424.
[35] Iso-Ahola,S..Toward a Social Psychological Theory of Tourism Motivation:A Rejoinder[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1982,9:156-262.
[36] Uysal,M.,and C.Jurowski.An Empirical Testing of the Push and Pull Factors of Tourism Motivations[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1993,21:844-846.
[37] Gunn,C..Vacationscape.Austin:Bureau of Business Research[M].University of Texas.1992.
[38] Fakeye,,P.and J.Crompton.Image Differences between Prospec five,First-Time,and Repeat Visitors to the Lower Rio Grande Valley[J].Journal of Travel Research,1991,29(2):10-16.
[39] Gartner,W.C..Image Formation Process[J].,Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing,1993,2:199-212.
[40] Gartner,W.C..Tourism Image:Attribute Measurement of State Tourism Products Using Multidimensional Scaling Techniques[J].Journal of Travel Research,1989,28(2):16-20.
[41] Echtener,C.,and J.R.B.Ritchie. Measurement of Destination Image:An Empirical Assessment[J].Journal of Travel Research,1993,22(4):3-13.
[42] Russel,J.A..A Circumplex Model of Affect[J].Journal of Personalitv and Social Psychology,1980,39(6):1161-1178.
[43] Baloglu,S.,and il. Brinberg.Affective Images of Tourism Destinations[J].Journal of Travel Research,1997,35(4):11-15.
[44] Russel,J.A.,and G.Pratt.A Description of Affective Quality Attributed to Environment[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1980,38(2):311-322.
[45] Russel,1.A.,L.M.Ward,and G.Pratt.Affective Quality Attributed to Environments:A Factor Analytic Study [J].Environment and Behavior,1981,13(3)259-288.
[46] Russel,J.A.,and J.Snodgrass.Emotin and Environment[A].In Handbook of Environmental Psychology[C].edited by D.Stockols and I.Altman.New York:John Wiley,1987,pp.245-280.
[47] Robert Waryszak.An Examination of the Role of Beneficial Iimage in Tourist Destination Selection[J].Journal of Travel Research,2000,Aug:37-44.
[48] McLellan.R.W.,and K.D.Foushee.Negative Images of the United States as Expressed by Tour Operators from Other Countries[J].Journal of Travel Research,1982,22(Summer):2-5.
[49] Crompton.J.L.,and C.W.Lamb.Marketing Government and Social Services[M].New York:John Wiley.1986.
[50] Carmen Tideswell,Bill Faulkner.Multidestination Travel Pattems of Intemational Visitors to Queensland[J].Journal of Travel Rosearch,1999,May:364-374.
[51] Lue,C.C.,J.L.Crompton,and D.R.Fesenmaier.Conceptualisation of Multi-Destination Pleasure Trips[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1993.20:289-301.
[52] Lue,C.C.,J.L.Crompton,and W.P.Stewart.Evidence of Cumulative Attraction in Multidestination Recreational Trip Decisions[J].Journal of Travel Research,1996,35(Summer):41-49.
[53] Seyhmus Baloglu,Ken W.McCleary.U.S.International Pleasure Travelers' Images of Four Mediterranean Destinations:A Comparison of Visitors and Non-visitors[J].Journal of Travel Research,1999,Nov:144-152.
[54] Gartner,W.C.,Tourism Image:Attribute Measurement of State Tourism Prodects Using Multidimensional Scaling Techniques[J].Journal of Travel Research,1989,28(2):16-20.
[55] Gamer,W.C.,and J.Hunt.An Analysis of State Image Change over a Twelve-Year Period(1971-1983)[J].Journal of Travel Research,1987,26(2):15-19.
[56] Echtner,C.,and J.R.B.Ritchie.The Measurement of Destination Image:An Empirical Assessment[J].Journal of Travel Research,1993,22(4):3-13.
[57] Milman,A.,and A.Pizam. Role of Awareness and Familiarity with a Destination:The Central Florida Case[J].Journal of Travel Research,1995,33(3):21-27.
[58] Court,B.,and R.A.,Lupton.Customer Portfolio Development:Modeling Destination Adopters,Inactive,and Rejecters[J].Journal of Travel Research,1997,35(1):35-43.
[59] Joseph Sirgy,Chenting Su.Destination Limage,Self-congruity,and Travel Behavior:Toward and Integrative Model[J].Journal of Travel Research,2000,May:340-352.
(科教范文网 fw.nseac.com编辑发布) [60] Salah,S.Hassan.Determinants of Market Competitiveness in an Environmentally Sustainable Sourism Industry[J].Journal of Travel Research,2000,Feb:239-245.
[61] Um,S,J.L.Crompton.The Roles of Perceived Inhibitors and Facilitates in Pleasure Travel Destination Decisions[J].Journal of Travel Research,1992,30(3):18-25.
[62] Kotler,P.,and H.Barich.A Framewor for Marketing Image Management[J].Sloan Management Review,1991,32(2):94-104.
[63] Sheth,J.N.,B.I.Newman,and B.L.Gross.Cons-umption Values and Market Choices[M].Cincinnati,OH:South-Western.1991.
[64] Andes,N..Social Class and Gender:An Empirical Evaluation of Occupational Stratification[J].Gende & Society,1992,6(2):231-251.
[65] Chafetz,J.S.,J.Lorence,and C.Larosa.Gender Depictions of the Professionally Employed:A Content Analysis of Trade Publications,1960-1990[J].Sociological Perspectives,1993,36(1):63-82.
[66] Skelly,G.U.,and W.J.Lundstrom.Male Sex Roles in Magazine Advertising,1959-1979[J].Journal of Communication,1981,31(4):52-57.
[67] Tuchman,G..Women's Depiction by the Mass Media[M].Signs,1979,4:528-542.
[68] Ercan Sirakayam,Sevil Sonmez.Gender Images in State Tourism Brochures:An Overlooked Area in Socially Responsible Tourism Marketing.[J].Journal of Travel Research,2000,May:323-362.
[69] Butler,R.W..The Concept of a Tourist Area Cycle of Evolution:Implications for Management of Resources[J].Canadian Geographer,1980,24(1):7.
[70] Garner,W.C.,and J.Hunt.An Analysis of State Image Change over a Twelve-Year Period(1971-1983)[J].Journal of Travel Research,1987,26(2):15-19.
[71] Ahmed,Z.U..The Influence of the Components of a State's Tourist Image on Product Positioning Strategy[J].Tourism Management,1991,12(December):331-340.
[72] Calantone,R.J,C.A.di Benedetto,A.Hakam,and D.C.Bojanic.Multiple Multinational Tourism Positioning Using Correspondence Analysis[J].Journal of Travel Research,1989,28(Fall):25-32.
内容来自www.nseac.com
[73] Crompton,J.L.,P.C.Fakeye,and Chi-Chuan Lue.Positioning:The Example of the Lower Rio Grande Valley in the Winter Long Stay Destination Market[J].Journal of Travel Research,1992,31(Fall):20-26.
[74] Kotler,P.,D.H.Haider,and I.Rein.Marketing Places:Attracting Investment,Industry,and Tourism to Cities,States,and Nations[M].New York:Free Press.1993.
[75] Echtner,C.M.,and J.R.Brent Ritchie.The Measurement of Destination Image:An Empirical Assessment[J].Journal of Travel Research,1993,31(Spring):3-13.
[76] Aaker,D.A.,and J.G.Shansby.Positioning Your Product[J].Business Horizons,1982,May-June:56-62.
[77] Javalgi,R.G.E.G.,Thomas,ans S.R.Rao.U.S.Pleasure Travelers' Perceptions of Selected European Destinations[J].European Journal of Marketing,1992,26(7):45-64.
[78] Crompton,J.L.,P.C.Fakeye,and Chi-Chuan Lue.Positioning: Example of the Lower Rio Grande Valley in the Winter Long Stay Destination Market[J].Journal of Travel Research,1992,31(Fall):20-26.
[79] Ahmed,Z.U..The Influence of the Components of a State's Tourist Image on Product Positioning Strategy[J].Tourism Management,1991,12 (December):331-340.
[80] Mayo,E.J.,and L.P.Jarvis.The Psychology of Leisure Travel[M].Boston:CBI.1981.
[81] 林炎.形象设计:我国旅游城市面临的新课题[J].
北京第二外国语学院学报,1995,(3).
[82] 陈传康,等.神仙世界与泰山文化旅游城的形象策划[J].旅游学刊,1996,(1).
[83] 保继刚,等.旅游开发——原理、、实践[M].北京:出版社,1996.
[84] 王家骏.旅游者对旅游目的地的选择——旅游决策行为研究[A].旅游地理纵横谈[C].1997.
[85] 吴必虎,等.城市居民旅游目的地选择行为研究[J].地报,1997,(2).
[86] 谢飞帆.旅游地形象研究在西方的崛起[J].科学家,1998,(1)
(科教论文网 lw.NsEac.com编辑整理)
[87] 张安,任黎秀,丁登山.试论旅游地DI设计[J].社会科学家,1998,(4).
[88] 屈海林,邱汉琴.香港都市旅游的形象及竞争优势[J].旅游学刊,1996,(1).
[89] 聂献忠.旅游形象建设与都市旅游业——以香港、上海为例[J].城市规划汇刊,1998,(1).
[90] 谷明.大连城市旅游形象定位及整体策划[J].旅游学刊,2000,(5).
[91] 李蕾蕾.旅游地形象策划:与实务[M].广州:广东旅游出版社,1999.
[92] 王磊,赵西萍.旅游目的地形象的内涵研究[J].西安大学学报(社科版),1999,(1).
[93] 宋章海.从旅游者角度对旅游目的地形象的探讨[J].旅游学刊,2000,(1).
[94] 谢朝武,黄远水.论旅游地形象策略的参与型组织模式[J].旅游学刊,2001,(2).