[摘要];萨特是当代法国著名家，他的哲学代表作(2)
2014-03-05 01:00
导读：Many;of;his;critics;have;held;that;his;early;ontology;as;developed;in;Being;and;Nothingness;prevented;him;from;proposing;a;viable;ethics;that;it;is;only;by;repudiating;this;ontology;and;embracing;anot
Many;of;his;critics;have;held;that;his;early;ontology;as;developed;in;Being;and;Nothingness;prevented;him;from;proposing;a;viable;ethics;that;it;is;only;by;repudiating;this;ontology;and;embracing;another;that;he;could;find;a;proper;foundation;for;morality.;Since;Sartre;does;not;have;another;ontological;work,;this;opinion;leads;to;the;conclusion;that;Sartre’s;ethics;is;impossible.;Mary;Warnock,;Walter;Odajnyk,;and;Wilfrid;Desan;are;representatives;of;this;position.;,;many;others;have;disagreed;with;such;a;view.;Thomas;C.;Anderson;declares;that;those;critics;who;deny;Sartre’s;ontology;are;“rooted;in;misunderstandings;of;Sartre’s;ontology.”;He;believes;that;“once;the;ontology;is;understood;correctly,;many,;though;not;all,;of;these;difficulties;can;be;resolved….;It;is;more;accurate;to;say;that;on;balance;Sartre’s;early;ontology;is;not;so;much;an;obstacle;to;the;development;of;his;ethics;as;it;is;its;very;foundation.”;Anderson;concedes;that;it;is;true;that;Sartre;modified;his;early;ontology;in;a;number;of;areas;in;the;thirty;years;after;the;publication;of;Being;and;Nothingness.;However,;he;has;not;given;any;indication;that;“his;moral;positions;have;changed;in;essentials;over;that;period.”;The;ethical;theory,;which;was;set;forth;primarily;in;works;written;in;the;1940s,;“remains;for;most;part;founded;on;the;early;ontology.”[1];
Thomas;W.;Busch;reports;that;in;the;film;Sartre;by;Himself,;Michel;Contat;asked;Sartre;if;he;ever;looked;back;upon;the;approximately;thirty;volumes;of;his;works;in;order;to;seize;what;unifying;thread;there;is;throughout;them.;Sartre;replied;that;there;was;one;even;though;he;had;never;tried;to;look;for;it.;“Philosophy”;would;be;the;only;unity;there;among;all;the;different;books.;Busch;concludes:;“In;terms;of;philosophy;it;would;appear;that;for;Sartre;freedom;would;be;the;obvious;unifying;concept.”[2];Although;on;that;subject;Sartre;admitted;that;he;had;made;considerable;changes,;his;remarks;prove;that;he;still;regarded;his;early;theory;as;a;part;of;the;whole;unifying;thread;that;runs;through;his;later;works.;Busch,;like;Anderson,;also;claims;that;Sartre’s;early;philosophy;has;often;been;misinterpreted:;“Sartre’s;philosophy;has;been,;from;the;beginning,;much;misunderstood.;Forth-five;years;after;its;publication;Being;and;Nothingness;is;still;misread.”[3];
