关于长江水质问题的研究

关于长江水质问题的研究
摘   要
本文研究的长江流域及其支流的水污染情况。水是人类赖以生存和发展的资源，保护水资源就是保护我们自己，对于我国大江大河水资源的保护和治理应是重中之重。当前，要贯彻和落实科学发展观，建设社会主义和谐社会，就必须处理好人与自然之间的关系，防止和治理环境污染，建设环境友好型、资源节约型社会，这样才能真正实现粗放型经济增涨方式向集约型经济增长方式的转变，真正实现我国经济和社会的可持续发展。本文通过对附件的数据进行处理，对17个观测点在28个月内各月主要污染物及各个地区水质出现各种类别的频率进行统计，并计算了整个长江的污染物浓度，得到影响水质的主要污染物高锰酸盐（CODMn）和氨氮（NH3-N）的浓度如下分别为4.244916和0.803809，根据判别水质类别标准，近两年多来长江的水质的总体情况属于第3类。
17个观测点中，4川攀枝花：4川乐山岷江大桥，4川宜宾凉姜沟，4川泸江沱江2桥，湖南长沙新港，江西南昌，江西9江蛤蟆石，污染较严重，其它地区几乎没有出现水质类别达到轻度污染以上的状况。并且Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类水占多数。
通过建模计算了长江干流各个观测点的高锰酸盐和氨氮净增加的量，从而得到了经长江自身降解后长江的污染物的量。流过任意1个观测点的流水中所含有的污染来自两个方面：上游污物残留量和本地区的排污量。则：
本地区污染物的净增量=本地区的污染物净含量—上游污染物的残留量
根据所得各个地区污染物的净增量及判别水质类别标准可以得到污染源的主要地区有：在干流上高锰酸盐的污染主要污染源有4川攀枝花（2.5mg/L）、湖北宜昌（2.2mg/L）;湖南城陵叽（2.80mg/L）、江苏南京（1.20mg/L）所在的河段；干流上氨氮的污染主要来源于湖北宜昌，重庆朱沱所在的河段。从附件中很容易得到各个支流的污染程度都比较严重，除丹江口胡家岭外，基本上都可以是高锰酸盐和氨氮的污染源。

通过对附件4的水文年数据进行统计，把Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类水归为1类进行考虑，把Ⅳ类+Ⅴ类归为1类进行考虑；把劣Ⅴ类归为1类，对10年的数据进行拟合，得到未来10年长江水质污染的发展趋势为：第Ⅰ类+第Ⅱ类+第Ⅲ类水比重降低，第Ⅳ类+第Ⅴ类与第劣Ⅴ类水水比重增加，即长江流域的水质将会转坏。并且得到水量的函数g(t)和污染物量的函数f(t)。 本文来自中国科教评价网
通过统计规律得到“污水”的数学描述，并根据水量函数和污染物量函数建立1个规划模型，求得把长江干流的Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类水的比例控制在20%时，未来10年每年需要处理的污水量，如表1所示。
表1：单位：亿吨
     2005    2006   2007    2008    2009    2010    2011    2012    2013    2014
处理的废水 110.107 122.145 134.100 146.137 158.193 170.130 182.185 194.123 206.178 218.215

    根据解决上面问题的分析及结果，我们对解决长江水质污染问题提出了6条意见。

Abstract
This paper studies the Yangtze River and its tributaries in the water. Water is mankinds survival and development of resources, protection of water resources is to protect our own, Chinas major rivers for water resources protection and management should be the top priority. At present, we should implement the scientific concept of development and building a harmonious socialist society, we must deal with man and nature of the relationship between the prevention and control of environmental pollution, environment-friendly building, resource-conserving society, in order to truly realize the extensive mode of economic growth rising to an intensive economic growth pattern changes, truly realize Chinas economic and social sustainable development. Based on the data annex, Observation of 17 points in 28 months on the main pollutants and water quality in all areas of the emergence of various types of frequency statistics and the calculation of the entire Yangtze River concentration of pollutants, have an impact on water quality of major pollutants permanganate (CODMn) and ammonia (NH3-N) concentrations were as follows 4 .244916 .803809 and under category discriminant water standards over the past two years, the Yangtze River water to the overall situation falls under the third category. 17 observation points, Panzhihua in Sichuan : Sichuan Minjiang River Bridge Leshan, Sichuan Yibin Jiang cool groove, Luzhou, Sichuan Tuojiang River Bridge. Newport Changsha, Hunan, Jiangxi Nanchang, Jiangxi Jiujiang frog stone, the more serious pollution. other regions there are almost no light pollution categories to achieve the above situation. And Class II and Class III water accounted for the majority. Through modeling to calculate the Yangtze River each observation point permanganate and ammonia in a net increase in the volume This received by the self-degradation of the Yangtze River to the Yangtze River after the quantity of pollutants. Flow through a random observation points which contain water pollution from two aspects : upstream dirt and residues in the region emissions. : - pollutants in the region in the net increase in the region = net content of pollutants-the upper reaches of the residue of pollutants from various regions under pollution with a net increase on the volume and type of discriminant water pollution standards can be the main areas are : in the mainstream on permanganate main sources of pollution are Panzhihua in Sichuan (2.5 mg / L), Yichang in Hubei (2.2mg / L); Hunan, Chinas grumble (2.80mg / L), Nanjing, Jiangsu (1.20mg / L) where the reach; Mainstream on ammonia pollution comes mainly from Yichang in Hubei, Chongqing Zhutuo where the Reach. From the annex can easily obtain various tributaries of the extent of pollution are more serious, with the exception of the Danjiangkou Hu Ridge, Basically, could be permanganate and ammonia sources. Annex 4 of the hydrological data, statistics, class I, Class II, Class III water classified as a category for consideration, put Class IV to Class V + to a category considered; put Ⅴ category classified as a category of decades of data fitting, be the next decade Yangtze water pollution trends : type I + II + III Class category lower proportion of water, Part IV Class V + category with the first category Ⅴ increase the proportion of water, the water quality of the Yangtze River basin will turn bad. Be contained and the function g (t) and the volume of pollutants in the function f (t). Statistics by law to be "sewage" of the mathematical description, According to function and water pollutants and the volume function to establish a planning model put obtained the Yangtze River and Class IV Class V water control in the proportion of 20%, each of the next 10 years to deal with the sewage flow, as shown in table 1.

（转载自http://zw.ＮＳＥaＣ.com科教作文网）

According to solve the above problems and the results of the analysis, we have to solve the water pollution problem in the Yangtze River of six views.