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3 气候变化在中国北方游牧民族南迁中的作用
早在2000多年前,汉代鸿儒董仲舒(179aA.D.~104aD.C.就在著名的《对贤良策一》中提出了试图解释天人关系的“天人感应”说。他认为:“天亦有喜怒之气、哀乐之心”。董仲舒是将其天人感应说作为建立封建神学体系基础、为“君权神授”制造理论根据,是唯心主义观点,应当遭到人们的摈弃。然而他从天人关系出发考虑自然界变化与人类发展之间的相互关系的思维模式,不能说绝无可取之处。尽管天不能干预人事,人的行为也不可能感应上天,自然界的灾异和祥瑞更不表示天对人们的谴责和嘉奖,然而,自然界的变化,尤其是气候的冷暖干湿变化,对于从事农耕和游牧的民族来讲,尤其是在生产力水平十分低下的古代,不可能不对其生产效率和发展产生一定的影响,从而直接或间接地影响到国势的强弱、社会的治乱、王朝的更替乃至游牧人与中原农耕世界的关系。当中国北方的气候由温暖湿润转向寒冷干旱以后,以为基础的中原农业王朝必然受到自然灾害袭击,农业歉收,民不聊生,贪官污吏横行,阶段矛盾激化,国势一天天衰微。与此同时,气候的变冷变干同样使地处干旱半干旱地区的游牧民族面临牧草枯竭、水源干涸、生态恶化的严重威胁。他们向南部的农耕世界发起攻击,寻找扩大新的宜牧地区。尽管游牧民族在经济发展水平、军事组织才能和的数量、素质方面都落后于农业民族,但其强悍的民族性格、灵活机动的战略战术等军事优势是农业民族所无法比拟的[(6)]。而此时,中原农业王朝又因国势衰微无力抵御北方游牧民族的攻势,弃都南逃,偏安江南,形成南北对峙局面。到中国封建社会后期,由于寒冷气候周期的延长和寒冷程度的加剧,促使北方游牧民族向农耕世界的进攻,中原农业政权步步退却,出现了北方游牧民族统治农耕世界的王朝。
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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE
MIGRATING SOUTH OF THE NOMADIC
NATIONALITIES IN NORTH CHINA AND THE
CLIMATIC CHANGES
ABSTRACT
In this paper the corresponding relationship between the migrating south of the nomadic nationalities in North China and the climatic changes is studied.In the warm period the nomadic nationalities dwelt in north of the Great Wall lived together in peace with the agricultural nationality dwelt in the Central Plains (comprising the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River).However the in cold period the nomadicnationalities lauched an all-out offensive on agricultural world because the for age grass withered,the water source had dried up in the prairie.At the same time in the Central Plains the agricultural world wasalso hit by the cold climate,the agriculture drop in production,the economy depressed,the national power declined.Thus,they cannot sustain the blows from nomadic world.Because the period of cold climate got longer and longer,and the degree of cold climate got bigger and bigger inrecent 2000 years,the extent of migrating south of the nomadic nationalities became larger and larger.In fact as early as the Han Dynasty the theory of "Interaction between heaven and man’s world"had been founded.The theory is the concentrared expression of feedback machanism ofclimate-ecology-economy-society.
Key Words:Nomadic nationality power;Climatic change;Migrating south