浅谈言语行为理论与大学英语听力教学(3)

    这个对话的情景是接电话。实际上，女士的“言外之意”就是“你拨错号码了”，只是说得比较委婉。显然，正确的答案应当是D。这类考察情景语境的题型，经常在四、六级考试的听力短对话理解里出现，又女口:

    W: Mark is playing computer games.(马克正在玩游戏)

      M:Should he do that when the final exam isdrawing near?(期考越来越近了，他应该这么做吗?)

    要求回答的问题:这个男士认为马克应该做什么?有四个选项:

    A)go on with the game(继续玩游戏);

    B) review his lessons(复习功课);

    C) draw pictures on the computer(在电脑上画画);

    D) have a good rest(好好休息)。

    这个对话的情景是谈论马克的情况，显然，该男士言下之意认为马克应该复习功课，因为考试越来越近了。

    3.上下文语境(context)

    上下文语境就是具体的语境，即狭义的语境。这种题型一般会在四、六级听力理解的短文听力出现。在学生的听力(特别是做听力理解题时)，教师应该要求学生认真听好全文，把握全文的总体大意，接着在分析和理解某个句子或段落乃至全文时，要提醒他们不要孤立地去看某句或某段，也不要只看它们的语法性质和语义内容，而应该联系上下文，也就是要联系某句或某段的前言后语，去理解它们的“言外之意”。如有一篇短文:

    Miss Susan Brown is 25 years old and has beena night nurse at a hospital since last April.  Sheworks $ nights on 6 nights off 9:15 at night to 8:00o' clock next morning.  She worked as an officecleaner before  she  came to  the  hospital，for shehadn't enjoyed that experience at all. It perhaps issurprising that Susan chose to work at night perma-nently. She felt she needed a change for one thing,and for another, she hoped eventually to become ahead nurse.  She has also found that a night nurse'swork is physically less demanding than a cleaner's，and  she  can  sleep  8  hours  during  the  day.  Ofcourse，there are some problems in her daily life.The most serious problem is the headache she getsfrom the dim light in the hospital. She doesn't havetime to wash her long hair for 8 working days andshe has to learn to pack all her social activities into 6days out of a fortnight. But on the whole，she feelsvery happy.

    其中，有一道要求回答的问题是:what does the

　　passage tell us about Susan Brown?答案有四个选项:

    A) She works 6 nights every nights every fort-night;

    B) She does not take part in social activities inher working days;

    C) She has been a night nurse in a hospital forabout 25 years;

    D) She is not satisfied with her present job.

    对于这个问题，必须在理解全文的基础上，才能做出正确的选择，即推断出全文的言外之意。根据Miss Susan works 8 nights on 6 nights off 9:15 atright to 8: 00 0' clock next morning，故A不对;根据Miss Susan Brown is 25 years old and has been a nightnurse at a hospital since last April，故C也显然不对;根据But on the whole, she feels very happy,D也显然不符合;根据全文的内容以及She doesn' t have time towash her long hair for 8 working days and she has tolearn to pack all her social activities into 6 days out of afortnight。正确的选项应该是B。

    综上所述，笔者认为在大学听力教学中，应结合听力实践活动，指导学生根据语境去理解听力中话语所隐含的言外之意，即言语行为理论中的言外行为，以正确解说话人的真正目的和意图，从而进一步提高学生的听力理解水平。

　　五、结语

    言语行为理论的产生对教学产生了深远的影响，特别是交际教学法。它给交际教学法奠定了理论基础，反过来，交际教学法又把言语行为理论运用到外语教学中去。随着交际教学法的出现，我们也改变了教学的传统观念，即语言教学不仅要教语言、语法和词汇，而且有必要研究语言使用的语境，包括语言的使用者，他们的行为和信仰，语言研究的对象与词汇的选择等。在外语教学中，言语行为理论把外语教学提上了更高的水平，它给语言教师很大的启示:单纯教会语言技巧是不够的，作为教语言的教师还得教会语言学习者如何在交际过程中恰如其分地使用这些语言技巧，使语言学习者在提高语言能力的同时提高交际能力。同样的道理，在听力教学中，教师要引导学生运用言语行为理论在不同的语境下正确理解听力材料中的一些话语的言外之意，也就是它隐含的真实含义，以提高其英语听力水平。