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【关键词】 BMP;BMP感受器;BMP结合蛋白
The interactions between BMPs and their binding proteins in bone and cartilage morphogenesis
【Abstract】 This commentary is a concise discussion of the interactions between bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their binding proteins in bone and cartilage morphogenesis. BMPs are a family of growth and differentiation factors, and they act on mesenchymal cells to induce cartilage and bone differentiation in concentration-dependent thresholds. The BMP-BMP receptor binding leads to a cascade of signaling and transcription of BMP response genes. BMP binding proteins, noggin, chordin and DAN, act as antagonists and determine the bioavailability of BMPs for binding to cognate receptors to elicit the biological response. Noggin null mice with unrestricted action of BMPs exhibit defects in joint morphogenesis. BMPs and their binding proteins may reciprocally regulate the dynamic topography of joints, muscle, tendons and ligaments during morphogenesis of the skeleton. In addition, BMP actions may be potentiated by twisted gastrulation. BMPs and their binding proteins may play a critical role in regeneration of cartilage in osteoarthritis.
【Key words】 BMP; BMP receptors; BMP binding proteins
关节软骨损伤和退变,最终都会导致骨性关节炎的发生。当前,对于累及软骨下骨和全层软骨损伤的病变,已有较为完善的动物实验研究和探索性临床治疗办法;而对于非全层软骨损伤,病变仅涉及部分软骨,虽然诸如软骨下骨钻孔造成创面渗血等方法也是很可行,但形成的纤维软骨覆盖缺陷较多,仍需进一步探讨。
由于骨与软骨在再生能力方面先天就存在巨大差别,而这种差别可能就在于一些内源性生长和形态发生因子及其对抗物的差异。例如,脱钙骨基质中存在大量BMPs,这至少可以部分解释全层软骨缺损后的纤维软骨再生修复。在骨性关节炎,关节软骨受到破坏,软骨形态发生信号表达紊乱,因此有必要利用当代发生生物学在形态发生素方面的研究结果,设想胚胎时期器官的形态发生过程,用以后天病变修复,重新部署排列紊乱的形态发生素,探寻软骨再生的有效方法。本文重点详述BMPs及其相关结合蛋白在骨与软骨形态发生过程中的相互作用。
1 骨形态发生蛋白((bone morphogenetic proteins,BMPs)
是一类生长和分化因子家族,首次在脱钙骨基质中发现[1~4],是多效性的形态发生素,具有趋化性、浓度依赖性、促有似分裂和分化诱导的特性,目前已有超过15种BMP被克隆并在人和鼠体内表达。在结构方面,BMPs是以二硫键相连的二聚体,这种结构决定着BMPs的生物学活性。象胚胎时期肢体形态发生一样,BMPs也可在异位诱导骨与软骨形成,调节骨与软骨的排列、分化模式和方向;同样,遗传学显示BMPs还在除骨之外的其他组织内发挥作用。例如,BMP4能够促进胚胎肢芽间质细胞的软骨形态发生,并保持关节软骨的表型;BMP2和BMP4缺乏会导致中胚层缺陷;BMP5突变会引发鼠短耳畸形;BMP7缺乏引起鼠眼、肾脏和骨骼的发育障碍。