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Pragmatics is in a constant state of flux and evolution, the(8)

2013-08-03 01:18
最后看一个具体的例子，比如隐喻“Crime is a disease”涉及一个社会学概念“crime”和生物学概念“disease”，再如“The mind is a computer”仍然涉及两个不同范畴的概念表征，那么在话语理解时如何将这两个不同范畴的概念整合起来，是认知语言学，包括认知语用学探讨的问题之一，这也为研究思维活动提供了一个很好的契机。此外，针对言语交际中“你吃大碗，我吃小碗”、“他吃筷子，你吃勺子”之类的普遍语用现象，不仅仅涉及汉语的‘荒谬’句法问题，对语用理解而言更是一种认知构建与解读，当我们听到一个4岁左右的小孩使用类似话语时，又可能会进一步将这种语言表现视为认知能力发展的结果。
总之，“认知科学不只是一个立场、一种见解的统一的理论，不同的认知科学有不同的见解”（徐盛桓 2002：7）。虽然认知语用学还没有形成完全统一的理论框架，但目前研究的主要问题包括语用模块、语境信息的心理处理和推理结论的形成、语用推理或语用照应的认知制约因素等等。我们认为，语用学要走向深入，必须同认知结合起来，要研究语言产生和理解的语用问题不能离开交际活动的认知基础，因为语言交际以认知为基础，只有这样才能推动语用学研究上一个新的台阶。所以最后再提出以下问题（冉永平，2001），与读者共思索：
（1）如何将普通语用研究同语用的认知结合起来？也即如何通过普通语用现象去揭示认知结构或认知模式？以发现语用现象的认知制约机制；
（2）如何将普通语用现象的社交、文化研究同语用的认知结构模式结合起来？也即如何从认知出发，去看语用现象的社交文化特征？以实现二者的结合；
（3）如何将传统的语境观和认知语境观结合起来？以实现对语用现象的新解。

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