保险合同成立后的诚信义务——英国法的变化和(3)

[4] 澳大利亚等国也在酝酿变革。

[5] Ray Hodgin, Insurance Law, Text and Materials, 2nd, Cavendish Publishing Limited, 2002,p314.

[6] Ray Hodgin, Insurance Law, Text and Materials, 2nd, Cavendish Publishing Limited, 2002,p200.

[7] [2001] 2 W.L.R.170.

[8] 但是，国际船舶保险条款（International Hull Clauses 1/11/02,IHC），第48条第3款依然明确规定，在保险诉讼开始后，被保险人仍负有最大诚信义务。这突破了贵族院在The “Star Sea” 案和上诉法院在The Aegeon案中的判决，其效力有待进一步的评判。另须注意，即使根据判例法，诚信义务的终止仅仅针对发生争议的保险索赔而言，而其他方面的诚信义务依然存在，直到它们也被提起诉讼，或者保险合同期满。

[9] See, e.g., [2001] 1 All E.R. 743, 771 per Lord Hobhouse ("the courts should be on their guard against the use of the principle of good faith to achieve results which are only questionably capable of being reconciled with the mutual character of the obligation to observe good faith").

[10] [2001] 2 Lloyd’s Rep.563.

[11] The “Star Sea” [2001] 2 W.L.R.170,198.

[12]The “Mercandian Continent”; The “Star Sea”.

[13] Prof. D. Rhidian Thomas（Ed.）, The Modern Law of Marine Insurance (Vol. 2),LLP, 2002,p50.

[14] Lloyd’s Underwriters [2001] E.W.C.A.Civ.1275.

[15] Kate Lewins, Australia Proposes Marine Insurance Reform, The Journal of Business Law, May 2002, Sweet & Maxwell, p301.

[16] Alberto Monti, ICER, The Law of Insurance Contracts in the People’s Republic of China: A Comparative Analysis of Policyholders’ Rihgts, p8.

[17] Norwood v. Travelers Insurance Co. (1939) 204 Minn. 595.

[18] Ray Hodgin, Insurance Law, Text and Materials, 2nd, Cavendish Publishing Limited, 2002,p274.

[19] HIH Casualty & General Insurance Ltd. V. Chase Manhartan Bank [2003] Lloyd’s Rep. I.R. 230 (HL).

[20] [2001] 1 All ER 743, HL.

[21] Baris Soyer, “Continuing duty of utmost good faith in insurance contracts: still alive?”,Lloyd’s Maritime and Commercial Law Quarterly, 2003, LLP, p53.

[22] Cox v Bankside [1995] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 437,462.

[23] Baris Soyer, “Continuing duty of utmost good faith in insurance contracts:still alive?”,Lloyd’s Maritime and Commercial Law Quarterly, 2003, LLP, p60.

[24] Container Transport International Inc and Reliance Group Inc v Oceanus Mutual  Underwriting Association (Bermuda) Ltd [1984] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 476, CA (CTI)；Marc Rich & Co AG v. Portman [1996] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 430页

[25] Ray Hodgin, Insurance Law, Text and Materials, 2nd, Cavendish Publishing Limited, 2002,p314.

[26] Ray Hodgin, Insurance Law, Text and Materials, 2nd, Cavendish Publishing Limited,2002, p189.

[27] Baris Soyer, “Continuing duty of utmost good faith in insurance contracts:still alive?”,Lloyd’s Maritime and Commercial Law Quarterly, 2003, LLP, p79.

[28] (1766) 3 Burr. 1905. 一般认为，该诚信原则可追溯至Cartor v. Boehm（1766）案。Lord Mansfield在判词中使用的措辞是“诚信”而非“最大诚信”。

[29] Baris Soyer, “Continuing duty of utmost good faith in insurance contracts:still alive?”,Lloyd’s Maritime and Commercial Law Quarterly, 2003, LLP, p39. 通常认为，诚信原则，作为一般性原则并不被普通法承认，是因为担心广泛肯定诚信原则，赋予法院较大的自由裁量权，将损害合同自由和商事契约的稳定性。而笔者认为，或许是由于普通法国家的法官.本来就握有极大的自由裁量权，因而无需借助诚信原则。

[30] Andrew Tulloch, Utmost Good Faith; Yvonne Baatz, Utmost Good Faith in Marine Insurance Contracts, in Marc A Huybrechts (ed.), Marine Insurance at the turn of the Millennium (Intersentia, Antwerp, 1999, Vol.I) 15.但另有学者认为，诚信原则适用于整个合同法，不过海上保险要求更高的诚信。Chorley and Giles, Shipping Law, 8th edn. (London, 1987), p.524.一般合同法和海上保险的区别在于，订立合同时需要提供的信息的程度不同。Howard Bennett, The Law of Marine Insurance, Oxford, 1996, p.66.

[31] Ray Hodgin, Insurance Law, Text and Materials, 2nd, Cavendish Publishing Limited, 2002,p200.

[32] 合同法第107条规定的实际上是违约责任的严格责任原则。

[33]徐文虎：提升诚信：中资保险业发展当务之急，2004/01/15.

[34] Project Group "Restatement of European Insurance Contract Law", see footnote 55. 44.

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