非语言交流—概述(一)网(2)

2014-08-16 01:05

导读：34. 感知必需与你的能力去观察，保持警惕，和从交流中发生的真实细节中提炼出来。你必须尝试从有声和无声的交流中提取类似于“编码”和“解码”两

34. 感知必需与你的能力去观察，保持警惕，和从交流中发生的真实细节中提炼出来。你必须尝试从有声和无声的交流中提取类似于“编码”和“解码”两者的信息。当解释你的信息时，你必须了解“解码者”的身体语言。
35. 同时，交流技巧的精通是重要的。在交流过程中对那些人的关系方面敏感的人犹为重要。这些人的特点通常在身体语言与其它非语言交流被生动地展现出来。
36. 作为一个编码者，你越快收到用身体语言形式反馈的信息，就越快在必要时转换更有效的解译技巧。
五、Eyes眼睛
37. 可能每个人都有用眼睛作为非语言交流的一些经验。我们大多数用凝视来想知道为什么。那是一种好奇或是病态吗？或者可能是凝视的人视力很差，只不过是想集中地听我们讲。但是有可能是观察者觉得我们有吸引力的和有趣的，而发出一个邀请，更进一步去了解。甚至于我们不知道身体语言或是非语言交流的情况下，我们大多数人已在分析“眼睛语言”。
38. 很多信息是通过眼睛传送出去的，但是凝视是一个人最重要的技能。在我们的文化里，一个人不会凝视另一个人——凝视某物。因此，凝视可以有引人注目的效果，因为它降低一个人非人性的状况。
39. 当一个人在思考，他的眼睛连着眼皮和眉毛的不同状态和动作的时候，能送出无止境的信号。像所有非语言交流的形式一样，用眼睛送出去的信息，应该会伴随着言语解释。
六、Hands, arms and legs 手，手臂和腿
40.任何人不用手和手臂怎么希望去交流呢？甚至腿也不仅仅是走路而已。
41. 毫无疑问的，我们都知道某些人是用他或她的手讲话。有些人用一些过分的手势打断说话，对于他们的非口头喊声太紧密，是非常危险的。你知道人在交谈时，会用他们的手指尖转卡片，或是不停地轻敲吗？你知道有人不断地按他们圆珠笔上的“开关”吗？你知道那些频繁地压按他们的指关节使其发出清脆的声音的人吗？你是否注意到那些抖动脚的人？他们的腿交叉与不交叉的人或是他们的腿交叉，然后前后摆动的人？（转载自中国科教评价网http://www.nseac.com）
42. 这些非语言信息告诉了你什么？是人紧张吗？无把握吗？无聊吗？思考吗？高兴吗？渴望得到注意吗？不好的行为吗？或许这些信息没有什么意思。另一方面，如果非语言信号展现了交流一方的情绪，对你来说确定说话人传送出去的信息是什么是重要的。有时候他们都是一样；其它时候又是非常地不同。
43. 很多人把他们的一生奉献在身体语言的研究上。身体语言是非语言交流有趣的，有吸引力的区域；很多遗留下的非语言被人学习。成为一个更好的观察者，提高你的感知能力水平，以及尽可能的多了解你的听众，你将能够更正确地翻译非语言和语言信息。

1. Nonverbal communication (as the term implies) is anything other than words themselves that communicates or affects (positively or negatively) the message "contained" in the words.
2. Metacommunication is a word used to describe the nonverbal process. Meta is from the Greek and means "beyond" or "in addition to"; hence, metacommunication is something in addition to the communication.Anything which can be taken into account as relevant to our interpretation of what another is saying or doing beyond the manifest 'content' of what he is saying or doing can be referred to as metacommunication.
3. There are two types of nonverbal communication which we will discuss briefly before we look at the more common types. For lack of a better term, we will call these 'special forms'. You may not have thought of them as forms of nonverbal communication. They are paralanguage and silence.
一、Paralanguage
4. You may have heard someone say, 'It's not what he said, it's the way he said it."
5. Inflection can have an effect on the impact of a message; and while inflection is applied to words, it is a nonverbal treatment which can completely change the meaning a person would be expected to attach to the words. Inflections or emphasis applied vocally to a message are known as paralanguage. （科教范文网http://fw.ΝsΕΑc.com编辑）
6. Paralanguage sounds just the opposite from the words themselves. Someone may have greeted you with a "good morning!" but the tone of the words revealed that it was anything but a good morning. There are, of course, some messages which are transmitted entirely in a nonverbal manner through gestures and facial expressions. Pictures of Winston Curchill taken during World War 11 show him communicating encouragement to the people by raising two fingers in the familiar 'V for Victory' sign. Probably each of us has had the experience of making a statement that was greeted either by a raised eyebrow (indicating surprise) or by a wrinkled brow (indicating confusion or doubt).
7. And when the school bully took a step toward us with a raised, clenched fist, we got that message in a hurry, too.
二、Silence
8. Silence is an important communication tool.
9. Most of us find an extended period of silence rather oppressive and threatening, and we rush to fill the void with words—usually saying more than we mean to say.
10. By using silence at strategic times, you can sometimes get your decoder to reveal certain feelings and attitudes that may be hindering effective communication. It is important that we find out how we are doing in our effort to communicate; we do this through feedback. Silence can be an effective technique to encourage feedback. By silence I mean nonverbal elements held to a minimum.
三、Culture and communication
11. Webster defines culture as "the characteristic features of a particular stage or state of advancement in civilization." Or, another definition: Culture is the way a people think, act, live, and communicate. Since this article is about communication, it seems helpful or desirable to get the word communication into the definition. On the other hand, culture is communication; the two are very much bound together.
12. A culture develops as the result of interpersonal communication. At the same time, the form, the nature, the makeup of the culture results from the interaction of the people and the place and time in which they live. The "interaction of people" is just another way of saying "communication." Living together, working together, relating to one another is communication. We are always communicating—or attempting to communicate. （转载自中国科教评价网www.nseac.com ）
13. An awareness of the relationship between culture and communication as well as an understanding of the differences between cultures is helpful—and at times essential—in communicating successfully.
14. Perhaps the simplest way to explain culture and its relationship to communication is to say that people are different—we live, work, and play in different societies, environments, and climates, and we adapt to these in different ways. We are talking here not just about regional differences in our own country, but about even greater differences which are found in the numerous cultures of the world.
15. As a result of living in different societies, environments, and climates, people develop special needs, acquire habits and customs peculiar to themselves, and have experiences (and since words are the names we give to our experiences, we have language differences, too) which, in general, result in particular patterns and methods and forms of expression and relating (communicating) with one another. Many examples of this could be given.
16. People in a warm, tropical climate, for example, live quite differently from people in a northern urban area of

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