法国历史关键事件(一)网
2014-08-14 01:38
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Key Events in French History
法国历史关键事件
Key Events in French History
法国历史关键事件
By Robert Wilde, About.com Guide
罗伯特王尔德，About.com公司指南
There is no single starting date for "French" history. Some textbooks start with prehistory, others with the Roman conquest, others still with Clovis, Charlemagne or Hugh Capet (all mentioned below). While I usually begun with Hugh Capet in 987, I have started this list earlier to ensure broad coverage.
“法国”的历史是没有单一的起始日期的。早期的一些教科书，被罗马人所征服，其它人仍然是克洛维斯，查理曼或休卡佩（所有下面提到）。我与休卡佩有密切接触是在987，我早已经有了这份名单，以确保覆盖面广。
Celtic Groups Start Arriving c.800 BCE
公元前凯尔特人开始抵达 c.800
The Celts, an Iron Age group, began to immigrate into the region of modern France in great numbers from c.800 BCE, and over the next few centuries dominated the area. The Romans believed that ‘Gaul’, which included France, had over sixty separate Celtic groups
凯尔特人是一个铁器时代集团，他们从公元前c.800开始移民到该地区的现代法国人，并在未来的几个世纪占主导地位的区域。罗马人相信，“高卢”，其中包括法国，分别有超过六十凯尔特人组。
Conquest of Gaul by Julius Caesar 58 – 50 BCE
公元前58-50征服了西泽的高卢
Gaul was an ancient region which included France and parts of Belgium, West Germany and Italy. Having seized control of the Italian regions and a southern coastal strip in France, Rome sent Julius Caesar to conquer the region and bring it under control in 58 BCE, partly to stop Gallic raiders and German incursions. Between 58-50 BCE Caesar fought the Gallic tribes which united against him under Vercingetorix, who was beaten at the siege of Alésia. Assimilation into the Empire followed, and by the mid first century CE Gallic aristocrats could sit in the Roman Senate.
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高卢是一个古老的地区，其中包括法国和部分比利时，西德和意大利。缉获控制的意大利南部地区和沿海地带的法国被罗马西泽大帝征服并在58个公元前送到该地区并把它控制，部分是为了阻止高卢攻略和德国的入侵。战至西泽公元前58-50高卢部族团结起来反对他统治Vercingetorix，那么谁在围攻殴打阿莱西亚呢。公元一世纪中叶，高卢同化到帝国贵族可以坐在罗马参议院。
Germans Settle in Gaul c.406 CE
德国定居在高卢 c.406
In the early part of the fifth century groups of Germanic peoples crossed the Rhine and moved west into Gaul, where they were settled by the Romans as self-governing groups. The Franks settled in the north, the Burgundians in the south east and the Visigoths in the south west (although mainly in Spain). The extent to which the settlers Romanized or adopted Roman political/military structures is open to debate, but Rome soon lost control.
在50世纪初期，耳曼民族群体渡过莱茵河，并向西移动进入高卢，他们在那里定居的罗马人自治团体。弗兰克斯定居在北部，东部勃艮第南部和西哥特人在西南（虽然主要是在西班牙）。在某种程度上是由公开辩论定居罗马或通过罗马的
政治、军事结构，但罗马很快就失去了控制。
Clovis Unites the Franks c.481 – 511
克洛维斯国美法兰克人 c.481 – 511
The Franks moved into Gaul during the later Roman Empire. Clovis inherited the kingship of the Salian Franks in the late fifth century, a kingdom based in northeast France and Belgium. By his death this kingdom had spread south and west over much of France, incorporating the rest of the Franks. His dynasty, the Merovingians, would rule the region for the next two centuries. Clovis selected Paris as his capital and is sometimes regarded as the founder of France.
法兰克人比罗马帝国晚些进入高卢。在50世纪末期，克洛维斯继承了王权的法兰克人Salian，其中一个总部设在法国东北部王国和比利时。他的去世意味着这个王国结合其余的弗兰克斯已经蔓延南部和西部大部分地区超过了法国。他的王朝——Merovingians会在未来两个世纪排除该地区。克洛维斯选择巴黎作为他的资本，被看作是法国的创始人。
（转载自科教范文网http://fw.nseac.com）
Battle of Tours/Poitiers 732
战役旅游 /普瓦捷732
Fought somewhere, now precisely unknown, between Tours and Poitiers, an army of Franks and Burgundians under Charles Martel defeated the forces of the Umayyad Caliphate. Historians are much less certain now than they used to be that this battle alone stopped the military expansion of Islam into the region as a whole, but the result secured Frankish control of the area and Charles’ leadership of the Franks.
在旅游和普瓦捷期间，一个军队的法兰克人和勃艮第人以查理马特尔的力量打败了倭马亚哈里发，现在战斗的地方下落不明。现在比以前，
历史学家则少很多。这场战争单靠军事扩张停止进入该地区的伊斯兰教作为一个整体，但结果获得法兰克控制区和查尔斯的领导法兰克人。
Charlemagne Succeeds to the Throne 751
查理曼继位751
As the Merovingians declined, a line of nobility called Carolingians took their place. Charlemagne, which literally means Charles the Great, succeeded to the throne of a portion of the Frankish lands in 751. Two decades later he was sole ruler, and by 800 he was crowned Emperor of the Romans by the Pope on Christmas Day. Important to the history of both France and Germany, Charles is often labelled as Charles I in lists of French monarchs.
由于 Merovingians下降，一条称为 Carolingians线的贵族取代了自己的位置。查理曼，字面意思是查尔斯大帝，继承了王位的一个部分的土地在751法兰克。二十年后，他是唯一的统治者，他在圣诞节是由800个皇帝加冕罗马由教皇。值得一提的是，法国、德国和查尔斯是常被称为查理列出的法国君主。
Creation of West Francia 843
创作西弗朗西亚 843
After a period of civil war, Charlemagne’s three grandsons agreed a division of the Empire in the Treaty of Verdun in 843. Part of this settlement was the creation of West Francia (Francia Occidentalis) under Charles II, a kingdom in the west of the Carolingian lands which covered much of the western part of modern France. Parts of eastern France came under the control of Emperor Lothar I in Francia Media.
（转载自中国科教评价网http://www.nseac.com）
经过一个时期的内战，查理曼的三个孙子在凡尔登条约 843同意表决的帝国。这部分是在查尔斯二世建立定居点西弗朗西亚（弗朗西亚悬铃木），在西部王国的加洛林土地涵盖大部分的西部现代法国。来到法国东部地区的控制下皇帝洛萨我在弗朗西亚媒体。
Hugh Capet becomes King 987
休卡佩国王变成 987
After a period of heavy fragmentation within the regions of modern France, the Capet family were rewarded with the title “Duke of the Franks”. In 987 Hugh Capet, son of the first Duke, ousted rival Charles of Lorraine and declared himself King of West Francia. It was this kingdom, notionally large but with a small power base, which would grow, slowly incorporating the neighbouring areas, into the powerful kingdom of France during the Middle Ages.
经过一段时间的沉重碎片区域内的现代法国，卡佩家族在987休卡佩得到了回报的标题“公爵法兰克人”。杜克大学的第一个儿子，被推翻的对手查尔斯自称王洛林和西弗朗西亚。这是这个王国，名义上大，但一个小的权力基础，这将增加法国在中世纪慢慢地结合周边地区进入强大的王国。
Reign of Philip II 1180–1223
1280至23年菲利普二世统治时期
When the English crown inherited the Angevin lands, forming what has been called the “Angevin Empire” (although there was no emperor), they held more land in “France” than the French crown. Philip II changed this, winning back some of the English crown’s continental lands in an expansion of both France’s power and domain. Philip II (also called Philip Augustus) also changed the regal name, from King of the Franks to King of France.
当英国皇冠继承了Angevin土地，形成了所谓的“Angevin帝国”（虽然没有皇帝），他们举行了王冠土地的“法国”。菲利普二世改变这一点，重新赢得一些英冠的土地，在大陆扩大了法国的力量和地域。菲利普二世（也称为腓力奥古斯都）也改变了富豪的名字，从法兰克国王向法国国王。
（科教作文网http://zw.NSEaC.com编辑发布）
The Albigensian Crusade 1209 – 1229
1209年至1229年艾伯塔派十字军
During the twelfth century a non-canonical branch of Christianity called the Cathars took hold in the south of France. They were deemed heretics by the main church, and Pope Innocent III urged both the King of France and the Count of Toulouse to take action. After a papal legate investigating the Cathars was murdered in 1208, with the Count implicated, Innocent ordered a crusade against the region. Northern French nobles fought those of Toulouse and Provence, causing great destruction and damaging the Cather church greatly. 在12世纪的非规范的分支基督教称为清洁派抓住在法国南部。他们被视为异端，由主教堂，教皇英诺森三世国王同时敦促法国和图卢兹伯爵采取行动。经过调查教皇使节卡特里派教徒在1208年被杀害，与伯爵牵连，无辜下令讨伐该地区。法国北部贵族斗争的图卢兹和普罗旺斯，造成了巨大破坏，极大地损害了凯瑟教堂。
中国大学排名
The 100 Years War 1337 – 1453
1337年至1453年百年战争
A dispute over English holdings in France led to Edward III of England claiming the French throne; a century of related warfare followed. The French low point occurred when Henry V of England won a string of victories, conquered great chunks of the country and had himself recognised as heir to the French throne. However, a rally under the French claimant eventually led to the English being thrown out of the continent, with only Calais left of their holdings.
对
英语的争议导致集团在法国的爱德华三世对英国声称法国王位，与一个世纪之后的战争相关。法国的最低点发生在英格兰的亨利五世串赢得了胜利，征服了大部分的
，而他将自己视为法国王位继承人。然而，根据法国索赔反弹，最终导致了英国被赶出大陆，只有加莱左持有的债券。
Reign of Louis XI 1461 – 1483
路易十一统治时期 1461年至1483年
Louis expanded the borders of France, re-imposing control over Boulonnais, Picardy, and Burgundy, inheriting control of Maine and Provence and taking power in France-Comté and Artois. Politically he broke the control of his rival princes and began centralising the French state, helping transform it from a medieval institution to a modern one.
刘易斯扩大了法国的边界，重新实行控制Boulonnais，皮卡和勃艮地，继承控制缅因州、普罗旺斯在法国的孔德和阿图瓦夺取政权。政治上，他打破了他的对手控制首领，并开始集中法国政府，帮助其转换机构从中世纪向现代的。
Habsburg-Valois Wars in Italy 1494 – 1559
1494年至1559年哈布斯堡-瓦战争在意大利
With royal control of France now largely secure, the Valois monarchy looked to Europe, engaging in a war with the rival Habsburg dynasty – the de facto royal house of the Holy Roman Empire – which took place in Italy, initially over French claims to the throne of Naples. Fought with mercenaries and providing an outlet for the nobles of France, the wars were concluded with the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis.
（转载自http://zw.NSEAC.com科教作文网）
皇家现在基本上控制了法国，瓦卢君主看着欧洲，从事战争与对手哈布斯堡王朝 - 事实上王室的神圣罗马帝国 - 这发生在意大利，最初声称对法国王位那不勒斯。作战的雇佣军，提供一个出口法国的贵族，战争结束了该条约的卡托- Cambrésis。
French Wars of Religion 1562 – 1598
1562年至1598年法国宗教战争
A political struggle between noble houses exacerbated a growing sense of hostility between the French Protestants, called Huguenots, and Catholics. When men acting on the orders of the Duke of Guise massacred a Huguenot congregation in 1562 civil war erupted. Several wars were fought in quick succession, the fifth triggered by massacres of Huguenots in Paris and other towns on the eve of Saint Bartholomew's Day. The wars ended after the Edict of Nantes granted religious toleration to the Huguenots.
