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法国历史关键事件(一)网(2)

2014-08-14 01:38  
 一个贵族之间的政治斗争日益加剧敌对法国新教徒之间，称为胡格诺派和天主教徒。当男人的命令行事的吉斯公爵屠杀一胡格诺派聚集在1562年爆发内战。被打了几场战争，第五场引发的屠杀胡格诺教徒在巴黎和其它城镇的前夕圣巴托罗缪节。战争结束后，南特敕令授予宗教自由的胡格诺派教徒。
Government of Richelieu 1624 – 1642
1624年至1642年政府黎塞留
Armand-Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu, is perhaps best known outside France as one of the "bad guys" in adaptations of The Three Musketeers. In real life he acted as chief minister of France, fighting and succeeding to increase the monarch’s power and break the military strength of the Huguenots and nobles. Although he didn’t innovate much, he proved himself a man of great ability.
  阿尔芒让杜立石红衣主教黎塞留，也许是最著名的法国之外为一体的“坏人”的改编三剑客。在现实生活中他担任首席部长。法国的一次战斗并取得成功，以增加君主的权力，打破军事实力的胡格诺派和贵族。虽然他没有多少创新，他证明了自己是一个能力很强人。
Mazarin and the Fronde 1648 – 1652
1648年至1652年马萨林和投石党
When Louis XIV succeeded to the throne in 1642 he was a minor, and the kingdom was governed by both a regent and a new Chief Minister: Cardinal Jules Mazarin. Opposition to the power that Mazarin wielded led to two rebellions: the Fronde of the Parliament and the Fronde of the Princes. Both were defeated and royal control strengthened. When Mazarin died in 1661, Louis XIV took over full control of the kingdom.
 在1642年，路易十四继位，他是未成年人，而且整个国家都被一个摄政统治和新的首席部长，朱马萨林枢机主教。反对的权力是马萨林挥舞导致了两个叛乱——投石党在议会和投石党的王子。皇家都被打败，他们加强了控制。当 1661年马萨林去世，路易十四接手王国。 （科教作文网http://zw.ΝsΕAc.com发布）
Adult Reign of Louis XIV 1661–1715
成年时期的路易十四1661年至1715年
Louis was the apogee of French absolute monarchy, a vastly powerful king who, after a regency while he was a minor, ruled personally for 54 years. He re-ordered France around himself and his court, winning wars abroad and stimulating French culture to such an extent that the nobilities of other countries copied France. He has been criticised for allowing other powers in Europe to grow in strength and eclipse France, but he has also been called the high point of French monarchy. He was nicknamed "The Sun King" for the vitality and glory of his reign.
 路易远地点法国君主专制，一个强大的国王背后——摄政，而他是未成年人，亲力亲为是在 54岁。他再次下令法国各地，他的法庭上，在国外打得赢法国文化，刺激到这样的程度，其它国家的贵族复制法国。他一直批评让其它列强在欧洲壮大和法国，但他也被称为高点法国君主制。他的绰号“太阳王”的活力和荣耀。
The French Revolution 1789 - 1802
1789年至1802年法国大革命
A financial crisis prompted King Louis XVI to call an Estates General to pass new tax laws. Instead, the Estates General declared itself a National Assembly, suspended tax and seized French sovereignty. As France’s political and economic structures were reshaped, pressures from inside and outside France saw first the declaration of a republic and then government by Terror. A Directory of five men plus elected bodies took charge in 1795, before a coup brought Napoleon Bonaparte to power.
 金融危机促使国王路易十六召开一次三级会议通过新的税法。相反，三级会议宣布自己是一个国民议会，暂停税，并检获法国主权。作为法国的政治和经济结构进行了改造，从内部和外部压力看来，法国第一次看到了共和国的声明，然后由政府的恐怖。在1795年之前一个目录的五人加了负责选举产生的机构，拿破仑波拿巴发动政变带来的权力。 本文来自中国科教评价网
Napoleonic Wars 1802 – 1815
1802年至1815年拿破仑战争
Napoleon took advantage of the opportunities offered by both the French Revolution and its revolutionary wars to rise to the top, seizing power in a coup, before declaring himself Emperor of France in 1804. The next decade saw a continuation of the warfare which had allowed Napoleon to rise, and at the start Napoleon was largely successful, expanding the borders and influence of France. However, after the invasion of Russia failed in 1812 France was pushed back, before Napoleon was defeated finally at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. The monarchy was then restored.
 拿破仑利用提供的就业机会都在法国革命及其革命战争上升到顶部，在发动政变夺取政权，在宣布自己在1804年成为法国皇帝。未来十年，看到了一个延续了战争的拿破仑曾允许上升，拿破仑一开始的战争基本上是成功的，成为扩大的边界和影响力的法国。但是，在俄罗斯入侵失败，1812年被推回法国之前，终于打败拿破仑在滑铁卢战役在1815年。然后恢复了君主统治。
Second Republic and Second Empire 1848 - 1852, 1852 – 1870
1848年至1852年，1852至1870年第二共和国和第二帝国
An attempt to agitate for liberal reforms, coupled with growing dissatisfaction in the monarchy, led to an outbreak of demonstrations against the king in 1848. Faced with the choice of deploying troops or fleeing, he abdicated and fled. A republic was declared and Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, relative of Napoleon I, was elected president. Only four years later he was proclaimed emperor of a “Second Empire” in a further revolution. However, a humiliating loss in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870, when Napoleon was captured, shattered confidence in the regime; a Third Republic was declared in a bloodless revolution in 1870.
 在1848年，大家都试图鼓吹自由主义改革，再加上日益不满君主制，导致爆发示威反对国王。面对选择部署部队或逃走，他退位后者逃走。他被宣布为共和国和路易拿破仑波拿巴，拿破仑一世相对，当选总统。仅仅四年后，他被宣布皇帝的“第二帝国”的进一步革命。然而，在1870年羞辱损失普法战争，拿破仑被抓获时，已失去对政权的信心，1870年，第三个共和国被宣布为不流血革命。 （科教范文网http://fw.nseac.com）
Paris Commune 1871
1871年巴黎公社
Parisians, angered by a Prussian siege of Paris, the terms of the peace treaty which ended the Franco-Prussian war and their treatment by the government (which tried to disarm the National Guard in Paris to stall trouble), rose in rebellion. They formed a council to lead them, called the Commune of Paris, and attempted reform. The government of France invaded the capital to restore order, prompting a short period of conflict. The Commune has been mythologized by socialists and revolutionaries ever since.
 巴黎人，激怒了一个普鲁士围攻巴黎，其条款的和平条约，结束了普法战争，他们的待遇由政府（试图解除国民警卫队在巴黎拖延麻烦），上升了叛乱。他们成立了一个理事会领导他们，叫公社巴黎，并试图改革。法国政府入侵首都恢复秩序，促使短期内的冲突。已被神化了公社的社会主义者和革命者至今。
The Belle Époque 1871 - 1914
1871年至1914年美女美好年代
A period of rapid commercial, social and cultural development as (relative) peace and further industrial development wrought even greater changes upon society, bringing in mass consumerism. The name, which literally means "Beautiful Age", is largely a retrospective title given by the wealthier classes who benefitted most from the era.
 这个商业时期快速的增长，社会和文化发展相对的和平，同时促进社会进一步的工业发展变化，加大大众消费。这个名字的意思含义是“美丽时代”，很大程度上是追溯称号赋予的富裕阶层谁得益最多的时期。
World War 1 1914 – 1918
1914年至1918年第一次世界大战
Refusing a demand from Germany in 1914 to declare neutrality during a Russo-German conflict, France mobilised troops. Germany declared war and invaded, but was stopped short of Paris by Anglo-French forces. A great swathe of French soil was turned into a trench system as the war bogged down, and only narrow gains were made until 1918, when Germany finally gave way and capitulated. Over a million Frenchmen died and over 4 million were wounded.

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    1914年，拒绝的要求是从德国宣布中立期间俄德冲突，法国动员部队。德国宣战，入侵，但巴黎戛然而止被英法联军。法国伟大土壤变成了战壕系统，同时陷入战争困境，狭窄的收益一直维持到1918年，当德国投降终于好转。战争超过一百万的法国人死亡，400多万人受伤。
World War 2 and Vichy France 1939 - 1945 / 1940 – 1944
1939年至1945年/1940年至1944年第二次世界大战和维希法国
France declared war on Nazi Germany in September 1939; in May 1940 the Germans attacked France, skirting the Maginot Line and quickly defeating the country. Occupation followed, with the northern third controlled by Germany and the south under the collaborative Vichy regime headed by Marshal Pétain. In 1944, after Allied landings at D-Day, France was liberated, and Germany finally defeated in 1945. A Fourth Republic was then declared.
 1939年9月，法国向纳粹德国宣战；1940年5月，德国进攻法国，掠过马其诺防线，并迅速打败的国家。北部的三分之一受德国和南方的协助下，维希政权贝当元帅为首。1944年，盟军登陆后，在第二日，法国解放，终于在1945年打败了德国。第四共和国随后宣布。
Declaration of the Fifth Republic 1959
1959年宣言第五共和国
On January 8, 1959 the Fifth Republic came into being. Charles de Gaulle, hero of World War 2 and heavy critic of the Fourth Republic, was the chief driving force behind the new constitution which gave the presidency more powers compared to the National Assembly; de Gaulle became the first president of the new era. France remains under the government of the Fifth Republic.
 1959年1月8日第五共和国由此诞生。戴高乐是第二次世界大战的英雄，重评论第四共和国，是主要的原动力，新宪法赋予了总统更大的权力，国民议会任命戴高乐成为第一任总统，成立法兰西第五共和国。
Riots of 1968
1968年骚乱
Discontent exploded in May 1968 as the latest in a series of rallies by radical students turned violent and was broken up by the Police. Violence spread, barricades went up and a commune was declared. Other students joined the movement, as did striking workers, and soon radicals in other cities followed. The movement lost ground as leaders became afraid of causing too extreme a rebellion, and the threat of military support, coupled with some employment concessions and de Gaulle’s decision to hold an election, helped bring events to a close. Gaullists dominated the election results, but France had been shocked at how quickly events had occurred.
 1968年5月爆发不满的最新系列中的激进学生集会演变成暴力行动，为了表示对政府的不满，学生们发起罢课行动，并占领了大学校园。警方进行了粗暴干预，并引发了和学生们的正面冲突，法国工人举行全国大罢工。在强大的压力下，时任法国总统的戴高乐不得不宣布解散议会，促成了事件的结束。本来要重新举行选举，但法国已震惊此事件发生的速度这么快。