“我思”：从笛卡儿到萨特(6)
2016-07-10 01:11
导读：Cogito:fromDescartestoSartre MoWeimin Cogito,asthefirstprincipleofDescartes’metaphysicalsystem,opensmodernphilosophyofconsciousness.Cartesiancogitonourishedwesternphilosophypositivelyandnegatively.P
Cogito:fromDescartestoSartre
MoWeimin
Cogito,asthefirstprincipleofDescartes’metaphysicalsystem,opensmodernphilosophyofconsciousness.Cartesiancogitonourishedwesternphilosophypositivelyandnegatively.Positively,becauseitservedasthestartingpointforphilosophyofconsciousnesstopursuethecertaintyofknowledgeortruth.Negatively,becausemanyphilosophersthoughtthatathinkingthing(rescogitans)ormindcannotbeasubstance,oreventhatwecandophilosophywithouttheCartesiancogito.nphilosophydevelopedtoagreatextentbycriticizingCartesiancogitoandadvancingpersuasiveideassimultaneously.
MainedeBiraninsistedthatthephenomentalistheobjectofintuitionwhilethenoumentalistheobjectofbelief,whereasDescartesconfusedthesetwothings.Iwill(Volo)shouldsubstituteIthink(Cogito).InCritiqueofPureReason,KantcriticizedfourkindsoftranscendentalparalogismofrationalpsychologyofDescartes,becausetheyinferfromtheformalconditionsofthoughttoasubstanceofthought.
TranscendentalegowasthepivotofphenomenologyofHusserl.HusserlintendedtopurifyDesacrtes’psychologicalandempiricalegoandtransformitintotranscendentalegobyphenomenologicalreduction.MoreoverHusserlthoughtthatKant,justlikeDescartes,tookpsychologicalconsciousnessintime,andnottranscendentalconsciousness,asbasisofknowledge.WecanfindnotranscendentalegoinKantianphilosophy.
Descartesstartswiththereflexiveconsciousness,whileSartrebeginswiththepre-reflexiveconsciousnessasthebasicdatumintheegoofreflexiveconsciousnessdoesnotappear.AccordingtoSartre,theegoandtheworldarepositedascorrelativetooneanotherinreflexiveconsciousness.ThereforeHusserl’stranscendentalegoisexcluded.Althoughtheconsciousnessisprimaryincontrastwithego,ithasnothingsubstantial,itisthepureappearance.
Descartesascribedhumanfreedomtothefacultyofhumansoul,whileSartrethoughtthatfreedombelongstotheverystructureofthebeing-for-itself.Thebeingofhumanrealityandhumanfreedomareinseparable.Itispreciselyinanguishthathumanbeingtakesconsciousnessofhisfreedom.Theanguishisthemodeofbeingoffreedomasconsciousnessofbeing.Inthisregard,SartreagreedwithKierkegaardandHeideggerandrancountertoBergson.
（科教作文网http://zw.ΝsΕAc.com发布） SartredifferedwithKantandHusserlastothepreciserelationofconsciousnesstoego.Sartrereproachedthemwithsolipsismbecausetheyestablishedtheepistemologicalrelationbetweenmybeingandothers’beingwithoutconsideringtheontologicalrelationship.
AlthoughHeideggerthoughtthattherelationofhumanrealitiesshouldberelationofbeingandthatrelationshouldmakehumanrealitiesdependononeanotherintheiressentialbeing,consideredmybeingwithotherastheessentialstructureofmybeingwithoutstartingwithCartesiancogito,SartretookobjectiontoHeidegger’stheoryofMit-Sein(being-with)inwhichtheproblemoftheotherisonlyonefalseproblem.Heideggersoughttosubstitutebeing-with-otherforbeing-for-other.,Sartreemphasizedthatbeing-for-otherprecedesandfoundsbeing-with-other.
Asweknow,SartrewasinhisturnmadeatargetofcriticismbyMerleau-Ponty,Bachelard,Canguilhem,Levi-Strauss,Foucault,DerridaandDeleuze,etc.,Ric
