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关键词:黄帝内经;易学;象数;天人合一
Image瞡umberology of the 玒i learning conceived in 玊he Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine——simultaneously on the similarities and dissimilarities between the theories of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the 玒i learningお
Abstract: 玊he Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine 玞onceives abundant image瞡umber contents of the 玒i learning. 玊he Internal Medicine takes in the theory of the unity of the heaven, earth and human from the 玒i learning as its theoretic basis. Human's responses to the heaven are realized through the waxing and waning of 玒in and 玒ang, alternating between the four seasons,rotations of the five elements, changes between the winds from; the eight directions, and shifting of the abnormality and normality of the climate. Both the; Traditional Chinese Medicine and the 玒i learning stress on the changes of time, yet the former; pays more attention to the producing and destroying between the five elements, while the latter to the oppositeness and alternation between 玒in and 玒ang. Theories of 玊he Internal Medicine is closely related to the Gua qi 玹heory (correlating the trigrams or hexagrams with seasonal points); of the 玒i learning. Though both of the Traditional Chinese Medicine and the 玒i learning lay particular stress on the unity of the heaven and human, the former emphasizes a natural unity while the latter a humanistic one. Two kinds of unity are not contradictory but correlated. Human may pursuit these two kinds of unity at the same time.
;Key words: The 獻nternal Medicine; the 玒i learning; image瞡umber; unity of the heaven and humanオ
; 作为我国现存最早的学经典文献,《黄帝内经》奠定了中发展的理论基础,为后世中医学的发展规约了框架。而用以“道阴阳”的《周易》,在汉代被奉为“众经之首,大道之原”。魏晋时期,《周易》则被崇为“三玄”(《》、《》、《周易》)之一。此后,《周易》便作为融儒、道为一体的学问,对中国的、、、科技等诸领域一直发挥着举足轻重的作用。故《四库全书总目·易类》赞之曰:“《易》道广大,无所不包,旁及天文、、乐律、兵法、韵学、算术,以逮方外之炉火,皆可援《易》以为说。”《内经》作为中国传统医学理论的奠基之作,作为中国的一部分,亦直接或间接地受到《易》学的影响,并含有丰富的易学象数学内容。深入研究医、《易》关系,对我们把握中国传统文化的本根所在,仍具有十分重要的意义。从《黄帝内经》中的《易》学象数学入手,我们可以发现,医、《易》在思维理路上有许多共同点,同时亦有重大区别。今试析《内经》中的《易》学象数学内含,并以此为基础分析医、《易》思维理路之异同。
;一、 ; “三才”之道
《黄帝内经》由《素问》与《灵枢》两部分组成。从理论上来说,《内经》在对人体生理的总认识上是通过吸收《易》学“同声相应,同气相求”(《乾·文言》)、“天地人合一”的“三才之道”来完成的,认为天人同构,天人之气相通,人只是天地自然的一个组成部分,并与天、地之气息息相通。
《内经》将天、地、人相参与之情状描述得详细备至。如:“天地之间,六合之内,其气九州。九窍、五脏、十二节,皆通乎天气。……故圣人传精神,服天气而通神明,失之则闭九窍,外壅肌肉,卫气散解。” (《生气通天论》)[1]又云:“惟贤人上配天,以养头;下象地,以养足;中傍人事,以养五脏。天气通于肺,地气通于嗌,风气通于肝,雷气通于心,谷气通于脾,雨气通于肾。六经为川,肠胃为海,九窍为水注之气。以天地为之阴阳,阳之汗,以天地之雨名之,阳之气,以天地之疾风名之。”(《阴阳应象大论》)[1]这种天人同构的“三才之道”与《易》学的“三才之道”正好相契合。《周易·说卦》云:“昔者圣人之作《易》也,将以顺性命之理,是以立天之道曰阴与阳,立地之道曰柔与刚,立人之道曰仁与义,兼三才而两之,故《易》六画而成卦。分阴分阳,迭用柔刚,故易六位而成章。”《系辞下》则有:“《易》之为书也,广大悉备,有天道焉,有人道焉,有地道焉,兼三才而两之,故六。六者非它也,三才之道也”。所以,医、《易》在思维理路上皆注重天与人的贯通,都通过取类比象的方式表达天与人的互通互融性。
; 但二者在天人一体的思维理路方面又存在根本的区别。《内经》重天与人的自然的合一,即注重天人同构,天人之气相通,并将“三才之道”进一步具体化:
; 一者天,二者地,三者人,因而三之,三三者九,以应九野。故人有三部,部有三候,以决死生,以处百病,以调虚实,而除邪疾。……有下部,有中部,有上部。部各有三候,三候者,有天有地有人也。……上部天,两额之动脉;上部地,两颊之动脉;上部人,耳前之动脉。中部天,手太阴也;中部地,手阳明也;中部人,手少阴也。下部天,足厥阴也;下部地,足少阴也;下部人,足太阴也。……三部者,各有天,各有地,各有人。三而成天,三而成地,三而成人,三而三之,合则为九。九分为九野,九野为九脏。(《三部九候论》)[1]