论周作人的生死观及其传统文化资源

【摘要】 周作人的生死观是探讨其丰富复杂思想的一条路径,他对生死问题的态度集中反映了他思想的变化发展,周作人生死观的形成有着丰厚的传统文化资源,这主要是因为他非同一般的传统文化功底,因而有传统文化的影响去探讨周作人生死观的变化发展是本文的主要着力点。周作人的生死观按他人生不同的发展阶段大致可以分为三个阶段,即早期生死观、中期生死观和晚期生死观,每一时期又有着各自的特色,成为了解他人生思想的关键之处。早期生死观主要指周作人在青少年时期所形成的关于生死问题的思考,以他的早年生活为基础,包括在故乡绍兴度过的童年时代、南京求学的五年、留学日本时期以及他辉煌的五四时期,这一阶段是一个东西文化交汇的时代,传统文化哺育下成长起来的周作人在接受了西方自然科学知识之后,在生死问题上产生了强烈的情理冲突,他在理智上认识到人有生必有死的残酷现实,可在情感上他又确实不愿接受,这是周作人生命意识逐渐觉醒的时期。周作人的中期生死观主要是指从1920年至1945年这一时期他对生死问题的根本态度,此时周作人的生活经历了很大的改变,五四时期的辉煌已经不复存在,社会更加动乱不安、杀伐不断,这让周作人对社会更加失望,他开始了对生命意义的反思,同时周作人自己的生活也是风波不断,1920年的一场大病耗尽了他多半年的时光,也让他对自己的生命更加珍惜,兄弟失和、中年丧女都是沉重的打击,这些都加剧了周作人思想的转变,他有了明显地死亡焦虑,认为能苟全性命于乱世是当下最要紧的事,这种极端的现世主义生死观最终使他走向了附逆的深渊,周作人中期生死观受到多种传统文化资源的影响,主要有儒家的现世思想、道家的贵己重生思想、以及墨家的功利思想。晚期周作人的生死观与前两个时期相比有鲜明的特色,并且深刻的反映了周作人思想上的重大变化。周作人的晚年生活大约开始于1945年,社会的变迁,岁月的流逝都使他对生死的态度有了很大的改变,面对生死困境,他变得坦然,死亡已不在可怖,反而是一种解脱,但活着又不是完全没有意义的,周作人认为自己生存的意义就是为人的活着,即为了家人和文学艺术的传承,周作人晚期生死观的形成一方面是由于他在经历了浮沉荣辱之后所特有的生命体验,另一方面还因为他在晚年真正理解了传统文化中关于生死的有益部分,道家自然主义的生死观、儒家道德理想主义的生死观、以及佛家生命苦谛的思想都对他产生了深远的影响。

【Abstract】 It is a very effective measures to explore the complex thinking of Zhou Zuoren with his concept of life and death ,the attitude of life and death expressed change of his thinking .the concept of life and death contacted with traditional culture ,because Zhou Zuoren had very good bases of traditional culture ,the distionation of this text is to explore the change of his concept of life and death from traditional culture .His concept of life and death generally divides three stages,the early stage,the middle stage,the later stage,these concept of life and death was his important thought.The early stage of his concept of life and death from the young life , it included childhood passing in Shaoxing ,the five years of study in Nanjing ,studied abroad in Japan and brilliant the May 4th ,it was a exchange times for the East and West culture ,Zhou Zuoren was fed with traditional culture ,he also accepted natural science from the West , so he had strong contradiction about life and death ,he knew that life and death was lay of nature , but he didn’t accept in feeling ,life mentality of Zhou Zuoren was waking in this stage.The middle stage of his concept of life and death from 1920 to1945 ,Zhou Zuoren’s life had been changed greatly at this time, brilliant the May 4th was not existing ,society was more disturbance and many people were killed , facing to this fact,Zhou Zuoren was very disappointed ,he began to think about life meaning ,at the same time,his life was not quiet ,a serious ill used up his strength , he considered that he must take good care of himself , their brothers became estranged , his daughter died in his middle age , these facts made Zhou Zuoren change his thinking , he expressed obvious death anxiety , he considered that it was very important to keep life in the disturnance society , the existing view resulted to his betray . Many cause of traditional culture effected the concepted of life and death , for example , the existing thinking of Confucianism , attach importance to life from Taoism , utility thoughts of Mohist .The concept of life and death in his later years had obviously feature,and it was thought greatly for Zhou Zuoren, the later years of Zhou Zuoren began from 1945 , society had changed , the years flowed on , he had very big changed about life and death , he didn’t think that death was horrible , but living also had significance , he considered that his living significance was for other people , for family member and spreading of literature , in the later years , Zhou Zuoren was very gentle . The concept of life and death was formed in his later years had two factors . Fistly, he had special life test because he had experienced many vicissitudes of life . Secondly, he really understand traditional culture about the concept of life and death , naturalism of Taoism and idealism of Confucianism in the concept of life and death , the Buddha about hard living , that’s all effected his thought.

【关键词】 周作人; 生死观; 传统文化

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中文摘要 5-7